Comparing the Art Works of Frida Kahlo and Osamu Tezuka

Art Comparison A comparison of the works of Frida Kahlo and Osamu Tezuka based on their cultural significance. Introduction Art and culture are two heavily intertwined concepts. Art can be thought of as an expression of culture and sometimes the influence of art is so great that it can work to transform culture. Therefore the two concepts can have effects on each other that are somewhat cyclical in nature. The two concepts can also both be considered as different forms of expression just that manifest in different ways. Although culture is largely thought to be intangible and confined to consciousness, it manifests itself through actions, beliefs, and ultimately tangible items by individuals transforming matter though their experiences, beliefs, and inspirations. Culture can be considered a dynamic process that is constantly evolving. Thus art can be considered something of a snapshot of how the culture manifested itself at the time that the particular artwork was created. This essay will compare two works by artist from different periods as well as different cultures. Although there is certainly room for personal expression in art, a major part of the artwork must be driven by culture in some regard. Culture is a piece of how individuals come to gain their identities and therefore when art is created in is in some form a manifestation of that individuals culture. Frida Kahlo Frida Kahlo was raised within the context of a Mexican cultural tradition and

Graffiti Is A Form Of Art - 1019 Words

Nhan Loc Professor: R. L. White English 93 01 December 2016 Graffiti is Art Graffiti is a form of art well known in the street art. There are many forms of arts like drawing, painting, sculpture, or graffiti. Graffiti is an art used for the community to send messages as well as representing for community identity and pride through Graffiti artwork. In the book â€Å"Read Write Connect† by Kathleen Green Amy Lawler, chapter 22 Public Art talks about what graffiti art, vandalism art is, the differences between graffiti artwork and vandalism, and the purpose of graffiti. What is street art? It is a free public art that involves many different styles such as graffiti, sticker, street posters. Graffiti is a true art has different meanings. Graffiti is an art, not a simple tagging but an actual mural that represents meanings in every detail, style, and color. According to â€Å"Public Art Street Art† by Patrick Frank, â€Å" The street artists made much broader statement about themselves and the world in a language that was widely u nderstandable†(p446), this talks about the language in art is amazing, communicating through art is a language that everyone can understand and relate to. However, some might argue that graffiti is vandalism. Vandalism is when street artists paint without any permissions of private property owners. In the articles, â€Å"What graffiti means to a community† says â€Å"Most vandals are young people, from grade school age to young adults, who damage property for reasonsShow MoreRelatedGraffiti As A Form Of Art Essay1829 Words   |  8 Pagescould explain why graffiti is popular with those who oppose gentrification. Graffiti serves as a form of art that gives those who are unheard of a voice in their community. Art can be defined depending on a person’s interpretation of it. 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Graffiti, in its more complex forms, can be considered art because it clearly contains artistic elements, it communicates the artists expression to the viewer, and the traditional art communityRead MoreGraffiti As A Sustainable And Decent Art Form1397 Words   |  6 Pagesthere are ongoing debates among multiple stakehol ders regarding the nature and acceptability of graffiti as a sustainable and decent art form. Having gained immense popularity in urban environments, graffiti has always been on the verge between art and vandalism. The reason for such controversial perceptions lies in the definition of graffiti and its origins. As Campos defines it, â€Å"graffiti and street art could be considered a practice through which individuals appropriate the city† and whose natureRead MoreGraffiti Art Or A Crime? Essay1285 Words   |  6 Pages Is graffiti an art or a crime? There is much controversy that surrounds graffiti even though some people may feel graffiti is an act of vandalism. I feel that graffiti is one of the most interesting expressions of art. â€Å"Art is defined as the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination† (Lloyd 1) Graffiti is an art because it uses key elements of art. These elements include color, line and form. These elements are all included in both traditional art and graffitiRead MoreShould Graffiti Be Considered An Art?929 Words   |  4 Pageson a number of occasions but one that can always be argued is the question of can graffiti be considered an art. The definition of art is â€Å"something that is created with imagination and skill† (Webster dictionary). When people argue graffiti is just a crime done they do not look at the definition of art and how graffiti falls under the definition. Graffiti should not be considered a crime but a form of art. Graffiti can be found in various parts of the world and on anything that can be painted. 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But everyone has their own opinions and everyone sees everything differently. While many of these artists who are extremely talented and spend most of their time on their pieces, our societyRead MoreEssay Graffiti: Art or Vandalism?1139 Words   |  5 PagesArt: the ultimate form of self expression. But, what constitutes an art? And, who decides? These very questions plague society as it tries to decide and define the official status of graffiti--art or vandalism? Because it has found its way into art galleries and because of the community of artists who challenge and inspire each other, graffiti should be considered art and as a way to express oneself. The origin and history of graffiti is not what one might expect. Believed to have been created by

Strategic Marketing By TMS

Questions: (1) Create an information pack for prospective new clients that outlines the principles of strategic marketing. Your pack must cover the following topics: an assessment of the role of strategic marketing in an organisation an analysis of the relationship between corporate strategy and marketing strategy an analysis of how marketing strategy is developed. Your pack should demonstrate an understanding of the connection between strategic corporate and strategic marketing decisions and choices. You should: analyse decisions and choices that are made at a corporate level assess how these decisions influence marketing at business unit and functional level analyse approaches to competitive positioning of organisations. (2) A range of potential new clients have expressed an interest in working with TMS based on the information pack you provided. They would like some further information to understand how strategic marketing analysis may be carried out. Design a short training session for prospective clients, to develop their understanding of strategic marketing analysis. Your session must cover the following topics: an evaluation of approaches to internal environmental analysis an evaluation of approaches to external environmental analysis An explanation of how internal and external analyses are integrated. (3) Following your training session, a new client has decided to work with TMS to develop their marketing strategy. They have asked to work with you to explore how marketing strategies can be used to give them greater competitive advantage. Your task is to create a report which: identifies a range of strategies that can contribute to their businesses competitive advantage provides an analysis of marketing communication strategies for the business analyses marketing strategies and how they can be applied and implemented by the organisation, including resource and management implications. Answers: (1) Information Guide for new clients Role of Strategic marketing Strategic marketing is the catalyst for a successfully rising trajectory of success of an organization build with an aim of collaboration, competence and customization. Strategic marketing is aimed at collaborating all the activities and analyzing all the areas of operations so as to craft suitable and matching techniques as per the requirements. For a company of any scale, it is essentially important to focus and aggregate their resources into one or the other form of strategic marketing to become successful in this flexible era and dynamic market. So, the formula for success of your organization is to leverage the resource in the domain of strategic marketing. A strategic marketing approach helps in creating services and products having maximum chances of making some profit. This is due to the fact that, marketing strategy is initiated with the marketplace research by analyzing the optimal target and taking care of the competitors to build up changing trends and features.The practices of strategic marketing helps in determining the optimal pricing for the products. It will also guide the organization with the path of effective distribution techniques matching up with the requirements and expectations of different genres of consumers. The forms of strategic marketing in an organization assists with marketing communications to establish a brand value and create a better organizational impact over the operational regions. Strategic marketing therefore is a secret bridge to map strengths of the products with target audience taking care of market competition. Marketing strategy is a comprehensive plan including the mission and vision statement of the company in addition to business objectives with a unique value proposition and positioning statement. Corporate Strategy and Marketing Strategy A major focus of the marketing strategies include development, pricing and distribution of a product or a service. Corporate strategy is more inclined towards profitable initiatives whereas marketing strategy is more oriented towards sales and development of product or service.Amalgamation of principles of product orientation and profit orientation will lead a complete package of strategies deployed in an organization. The alignment of both the strategies is crucially important for every aspect of the organizational success and development. The executive branch of a company must go hand in hand and in complete collaboration with the marketing department so as to devise either of the strategies aligning with each other. For a lack of collaboration is some case studies may lead to a complete loss in the organization. To cite and example, a corporate cost containment strategy including usage of cheap materials for products might contribute in damaging an upscale business having a high b rand value. Marketing strategies lack momentum without corporate strategies and on the other hand corporate strategies lack a sense of direction without marketing strategies. Work of both the strategies in close collaboration are the actual keys for success and survival in this competitive environment. Most of the marketing plans devised and formulated by a company are served to go in greater details for the proposed marketing plans. A corporate strategy comprises of all the functional units with a complete detail of decisions, resources, objectives of the company and further details are given in in marketing plans based over 4 Ps of marketing including analysis of product uniqueness, consumer demographic, brand management strategies, promotions, social media etc. Procedure to develop marketing strategy There is a set and defined procedure for development of marketing strategy including well defined steps.The first step is to define and describe the products and the services that are offered by the company with the intentions of their marketing approach. A complete knowledge of the product should be the first priority to know the market in a better way. A rough draft for the marketing plan is essential after brainstorming session. A market study is required to know about the demographics of the customers. Segmentation, targeting and positioning must be carried out in this marketing strategy for devising profitable plans. Marketing analysis includes knowing about the size of the market, pace of the market, lifestyle of the customers etc. It is really essential to compare and contrast the services of the company with those of the competitors evaluating the positive and negative aspects of it in both of the direct and indirect ways. The unique value of the product should be determined so as to formulate and craft marketing and advertising strategies.Unique Selling Proposition of the company must be described for gaining a competitive advantage. The next step should be mapping up of the marketing budget with the current plans and goals to fit into the parameter. Finally, steps for marketing methods like internet marketing, mail advertising, promotional events etc. must be planned. This marketing strategy must be flexible enough to be modified at regular basis incorporating the changing needs of the customers. Communication of this marketing strategy to the customers and employees of the company. Decisions at Corporate level Corporate decisions shape up the future of whole business and hence must be taken with utter care and focus. Corporate level decisions and strategies give a bigger picture of the organization in terms of marketing products or services being operated upon within the companys boundaries. Resource management, staffing and capital management are corporate decisions including sense and roles of diversification. The scope of business operations, level of diversity, enterprise activities, nature of diversity, organization of business, structure and culture of the business, business boundaries and limitations, beneficial relationships like mergers or acquisitions etc. all are the key decisions taking up at the corporate level of the organization. (2) TRAINING SESSION Internal environment analysis Internal environment analysis is based over a realistic profile of the company determining its competencies and weaknesses. Development of the profile of the company must be carried out by audits by managers to seek out key operational areas for future policies (Wall, 1991). A comparative basis linked to the external market is analyzed within the organization by evaluating the current competencies. To formulate an effective strategic management plan, it is highly essential to blend careful planning, efficient execution, coordination of functions of operations, production, marketing, finance, accounting, research, development, human resource management etc. Collaborative performance by each of the responsibilities have a direct effect and bearing over the performance of the business. According to McKinsey 7S model it is essentially important to make the strategies devised fit into the culture of the organization to have one of the best utilization of resources and key skills. Value chaining which includes both primary and supporting activities is a tool to identify the moving assets of the company and control the internal environment. External environment analysis The external environment and its impact over the internal environment and functioning of the organization is more complex than internal environment analysis. Demographics and socio cultural considerations of the customers is one of the most highlighting factor for external environment. Technological trajectories are relevant to the organizations for developing their future strategies and functions. Suppliers have storehouse of power as they have a control over the necessary inputs to the organizational operational processes (Kotler, 1995). The dynamic and regulating environment is a matter of concern for every organization which when considered seriously will lead to a feasible strategy. Economic changes in the forms of recessions or booms should be tapped as opportunities by overcoming the threats in the business. Competition and problems of labor markets must be strategically poised to understand the unique value of the company and to ensure a feasible strategy that is critical to success. Alliance of Both the features It is critically important to amalgamate the knowledge and analysis of both the internal and external environment analysis so as to devise some of the most efficient marketing strategies. To blend both of the views a marketing analysis term is SWOT analysis having strengths and weaknesses that are internal to the organization clubbed with opportunities and threats external to the organization. This SWOT analysis is carried out so to review the present strategies of the marketing of a business and to formulate a bunch of further strategies in the field of marketing. (3) STRATEGIC MARKETING REPORT Strategies for competitive advantage For the company to excel in the field of their functions decisions taken at the corporate level contributes to a greater limit as they have a long term impact over the whole of the business. There can be an endless range of techniques that can be implemented in the business to have a sense of competitive advantage over other companies in the market. Adoption of internet marketing by the means of online social media sites by making the strategies go viral by the means of advertisements and promotions. With a huge use of intent and social networking websites, it is a great opportunity for any kind of business to have an attractive website and tags and pages in social networking sites to promote their business and attract a wide customer base. Adoption of lean and agile methodologies to be able to use best of the techniques in the business and minimize waste along with becoming flexible. Agility is an essential feature of contemporary business so as to include the changing demands of the customers in a dynamic market. Cross promotion techniques can be adopted by making a collaboration or alliance with a company as it is a way of experimenting and creating value for the business. The more number of publicity and promotion, more will be impact over the customers. The company can also hire human billboards for the process of advertising. It can be highly beneficial for the business to sponsor a charity cause before launch of a product or a service to promote their business in such fields to gain customer attraction. The marketing strategies are based over choosing right tools possessing right triggers to fit into the marketing framework (Lovelock, 1983). Advertisements and the modes of advertisements must be carefully chosen with help of some consulting agencies so as to target the message in a better and widespread way.Sponsorships shall be distributed for the sole purpose of advertisement. Marketing Communication Strategies The main motive to refine the marketing communication strategy is to sharpen the brand look, mission and vision statement with innovative logo and a marking statement. The brand of the business must actually speak to the customer in a relevant manner to appeal to their palate and interest. USP of the company must be exposed and uncovered so as to drive the sales of the product or the service offered by the company. This USP must be motivating and compelling to attract people and build up mediums for communications. A consistent and comprehensive communication is suggested with constant feedbacks, updates, recommendations etc. The prime strategy should be to generate some of the key positioning statements for featuring the service or the product in the line of communication. Use of descriptive and short words having inherent meaning must be used for innovative marketing communication. The communications for the marketing must be analyzed in the terms and perspectives of quantitative aspect i.e. that the communications are measurable. This can be possible by monitoring social media exposure, email open or click rates, mail response rates etc. This data should be mapped with the sales metrics to have a thorough knowledge of the strategies employed. It is highly essential to maintain a CRM, Customer Relationship Management system which is a database to ease up the channels and paths of communications in order to scale the sales and marketing processes of the company. This database can actually help to understand the clients in a better way to craft further communication strategies. Use of videos, mobile applications, content marketing and eCommerce are some for the major strategies to be focused upon for fostering a smooth communication with the clients or the potential customers. References: Kotler, P., Fox, K. F. (1995). Strategic marketing for educational institutions. Lovelock, C. H. (1983). Classifying services to gain strategic marketing insights.The Journal of Marketing, 9-20. Heath, E., Wall, G. (1991).Marketing tourism destinations: a strategic planning approach. John Wiley Sons, Inc..

Robert Frosts the Road Not Taken Essay Example

Robert Frosts the Road Not Taken Paper Tim Parr English 102 Professor Scollon â€Å"The Road Not Taken† Robert Frost, born March 26, 1874, is considered by most to be one of America’s leading 20th Century poets. Some of his most famous works include The Road Not Taken, Design, and Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. Frost won an unprecedented number of literary, academic, and public honors because he allows readers of different experience to relate to his poetry. Frost’s poetry is based mainly upon the life and scenery of rural New England and the language of his verse reflects the compact idiom of that region. Although he concentrates on ordinary subject matter, Frost’s emotional range is wide and deep and his poems often shift dramatically from a humorous tone to the expression of tragic experience. He uses vivid imagery, calm words, and rhythm that set a somewhat tranquil mood for every reader. He uses every aspect of the poem to play on the senses, through his creation of vivid images and varying moods. With all of these tools Frost intends to convey his own unique views as the speaker to his audience. Regardless of the original message that Robert Frost had intended to convey, his poem, The Road Not Taken, has left its readers with many different interpretations. The poem is most commonly interpreted as an advertisement of individuality, but that definition is dependent on whether or not there is a road not taken in Frost’s poem. Many scholars believe that Frost was too ambivalent in his descriptions of the two roads, and have therefore challenged the existence of a less traveled road. We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Frosts the Road Not Taken specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Frosts the Road Not Taken specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Frosts the Road Not Taken specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The poem simply takes a satirical look at the uncertainty of having to make choices at all, but one might argue that it urges readers, not to forge new roads, but to take pride in the ones they have already chosen. Frost begins The Road Not Taken by creating a mental image of a traveler stopped at a fork in a path, much like a person who is trying to make a difficult decision. The road that will be chosen leads to the unknown, as does any choice made in life. In an attempt to make a decision, the traveler looks down one road as far as he or she can. â€Å"And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the under growth;† As much as he or she may strain his or her eyes to see as far as the road stretches, eventually it surpasses his or her vision and he or she can never see where it is going to lead. The speaker realizes that much like anyone making any kind of decision, their destiny cannot be seen, only the choices they can make. When the traveler finally decides, the lines: â€Å"Then took the other, just as fair And having perhaps the better claim Because it was grassy and wanted wear,† possibly describe the speaker’s innate desire to not necessarily follow the crowd. This may be because of a feeling of unhappiness that was experienced by copying the actions of those before him or her, instead of making an individual decision. The desire to travel down both paths is expressed and not unusual, but the speaker of this poem realizes that the decision is not just a temporary one and â€Å"†¦doubted if I should ever come back. † At the end of The Road Not Taken, regret hangs over the traveler. He or She realizes that at the end of life, â€Å"somewhere ages and ages hence†, the speaker will have regrets about having never gone back to explore the road not taken. The traveler, however, remains proud of the decision and recognizes that it was the paths chosen that made life turn out the way is has. â€Å"I took the road less traveled by and that has made all the difference. † In this poem there is no judgment, no specificity, no moral but simply a narrator who makes a decision in their life that affects the rest of its course. At least, this is what I personally take away from the reading of Robert Frost’s The Road Not Taken. One of the great aspects of literature is that anyone can get just about anything they want to from any one piece of literature. Now I will focus on some commentary from a few authors who knew Robert Frost more intimately than I do, and are well more qualified to provide analysis of his poem. In Robert Frost: The Trial by Existence, Elizabeth Shepley Sergeant locates in Frost’s letter Crossing Paths the source for â€Å"The Road Not Taken. † To Susan Hayes Ward the poet wrote on February 10, 1912: â€Å"Two lonely cross-roads that themselves cross each other I have walked several times this winter without meeting or overtaking so much as a single person on foot or on runners. The practically unbroken condition of both for several days after a snow or a blow proves that neither is much travelled. Judge then how surprised I was the other evening as I came down one to see a man, who to my own unfamiliar eyes and in the dusk looked for all the world like myself, coming down the other, his approach to the point where our paths must intersect being so timed that unless one of us pulled up we must inevitably collide. I felt as if I was going to meet my own image in a slanting mirror. Or say I felt as we slowly converged on the same point with the same noiseless yet laborious stride as if we were two images about to float together with the uncrossing of someone’s eyes. I verily expected to take up or absorb this other self and feel the stronger by the addition for the three-mile journey home. But I didn’t go forward to the touch. I stood still in wonderment and let him pass by; and that, too, with the fatal omission of not trying to find out by a comparison of lives and immediate and remote interests what could have brought us by crossing paths to the same point in a wilderness at the same moment of nightfall. Some purpose I doubt not, if we could but have made out. I like a coincidence almost as well as an incongruity. † Elizabeth Sergeant Shepley ties the moment with Frost’s decision to go off at this time to some place where he could devote more time to poetry. He had also, she implies, filed away his dream for future poetic use. That use would come three years later. In 1914 Frost arrived in England for what he thought would be an extended leave from farming in New Hampshire. By all the signs he was ready to settle down for a long while. Settling in Gloucestershire, he soon became a close friend of Edward Thomas. Later, when readers continued to misread â€Å"The Road Not Taken,† Frost insisted that his poem had been intended as a jest at the expense of his friend and fellow poet. For Thomas had fussed over choices of the most minor sort made on daily walks with Frost in 1914, shortly before the writing of the poem. Living in Gloucestershire, writes Lawrance Thompson, Frost had frequently taken long countryside walks with Thomas. Repeatedly Thomas would choose a route which might enable him to show his American friend a rare plant or a special vista; but it often happened that before the end of such a walk Thomas would regret the choice he had made and would sigh over what he might have shown Frost if they had taken a â€Å"better† direction. More than once, on such occasions, the New Englander had teased his Welsh-English friend for those wasted regrets. . . . Frost found something quaintly romantic in sighing over what might have been. Such a course of action was a road never taken by Frost, a road he had been taught to avoid. If we are to believe Frost and his biographer, The Road Not Taken was intended to serve as Frost’s gentle jest at Thomas’s expense. Most evidence supports the notion that Robert Frost was displeased with the persistent misinterpretation of his poem by analysts, and this is supported in his Biography as well by Lawrence Thompson in Selected Letters by Robert Frost. â€Å"A short time later, when â€Å"The Road Not Taken† was published in the Atlantic Monthly for August 1915, Frost hoped that some of his American readers would recognize the pivotal irony of the poem; but again he was disappointed. Self-defensively he began to drop hints as he read â€Å"The Road Not Taken† before public audiences. On one occasion he told of receiving a letter from a grammar-school girl who asked a good question of him: â€Å"Why the sigh? † That letter and that question, he said, had prompted an answer. End of the hint. On another occasion, after another public reading of â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, he gave more pointed warnings: â€Å"You have to be careful of that one; it’s a trick poem – very tricky†. Never did he admit that he carried himself and his ironies too subtly in that poem, but the circumstances are worth remembering here as an illustration that Frost repeatedly liked to â€Å"carry himself† dramatically, in a poem or letter, by assuming a posture not his own, simply for purposes of mockery – sometimes gentle and at other times malicious. † Even though The Road Not Taken was misinterpreted by readers and analysts as it was defined by Frost does not in any way dampen the meaning readers can take away from the poem. That is the beauty of poetry; it can have any meaning that anyone wants to assign to it†¦even if the author disapproves. So again I will say that I view The Road Not Taken as a metaphor for the decisions you make in life. No matter how well you choose or don’t choose, you will always have regrets, but in the end hopefully you are pleased with the roads you have taken. Work Cited Sergeant, Elizabeth Shepley. Robert Frost: The Trial by Existence. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960 Thompson, Lawrance. â€Å"Selected Letters of Robert Frost† Best of Frost. Shefali Tripathi Mehta and Anando Banerjee, Jan. 2000. Web. 17 Jun. 2011. http://www. bestoffrost. com/what-inspired-the-road-not-taken/.

Free Essays on Madam Bovary

In part 1 of the novel Flaubert follows this formula and first creates the character of Emma. It is pointed out that Emma from a realy early age would dream romantic thoughts. Even at the convent she would tell stories full with love affairs, lovers, mistresses, persecuted ladies fainting in lonely country houses, post-riders killed at every relay, horses ridden to death on every page, dark forests, palpitation hearts, vows, sobs, tears and kisses. Emma would bring with her these fantasies to her marriage. Charles Bovary is a country physician who, after an unhappy first marriage, marries the daughter of a patient. Emma is eager to leave her father's dirty farm but finds marriage to be less romantic and satisfying than she expected. Charles is not a prince, but a bumbling, aging man. Even when at work he performs more like a veterinarian than a skilled surgeon. Indeed, when he and the local chemist attempt a new procedure on a clubfoot, the patient gets gangrene and loses his leg. Disgusted, Emma develops a relationship with Leon Dupuis, a young lawyer. She refuses to sleep with him but regrets it after he leaves town. She then meets Rodolphe Boulanger, a wealthy landowner who seduces Emma to pass the time. They have a brief if passionate affair. When Boulanger abandons her, Emma returns to Leon, this time giving in to their mutual passion. Her affair has an air of desperation. She soon exhausts her limited funds on trips to visit her lover and love gifts. Knowing that her husband will discover her affair when their financial situation is revealed, Emma overdoses on arsenic and dies miserably.... Free Essays on Madam Bovary Free Essays on Madam Bovary In part 1 of the novel Flaubert follows this formula and first creates the character of Emma. It is pointed out that Emma from a realy early age would dream romantic thoughts. Even at the convent she would tell stories full with love affairs, lovers, mistresses, persecuted ladies fainting in lonely country houses, post-riders killed at every relay, horses ridden to death on every page, dark forests, palpitation hearts, vows, sobs, tears and kisses. Emma would bring with her these fantasies to her marriage. Charles Bovary is a country physician who, after an unhappy first marriage, marries the daughter of a patient. Emma is eager to leave her father's dirty farm but finds marriage to be less romantic and satisfying than she expected. Charles is not a prince, but a bumbling, aging man. Even when at work he performs more like a veterinarian than a skilled surgeon. Indeed, when he and the local chemist attempt a new procedure on a clubfoot, the patient gets gangrene and loses his leg. Disgusted, Emma develops a relationship with Leon Dupuis, a young lawyer. She refuses to sleep with him but regrets it after he leaves town. She then meets Rodolphe Boulanger, a wealthy landowner who seduces Emma to pass the time. They have a brief if passionate affair. When Boulanger abandons her, Emma returns to Leon, this time giving in to their mutual passion. Her affair has an air of desperation. She soon exhausts her limited funds on trips to visit her lover and love gifts. Knowing that her husband will discover her affair when their financial situation is revealed, Emma overdoses on arsenic and dies miserably....

Free Essays on Symbolic Interactionism

Throughout Ray & Simons study a clear symbolic interactionst perspective arises as the focus on the individual account of events are examined. These are looked at not only within the microcosmic world, but also the larger macrocosmic order and how it is implicit in the process of self-labeling. Of particular interest was the vocabulary employed by the participants in defining their motives. Interviews were conducted with twenty-four individuals of differing backgrounds all deriving from largely rural communities in mid west United States, and all of whom share a homicide or manslaughter conviction. Six of the participants gave reasons that they felt justified their behavior while the vast majority, 18 out of the 24 gave accounts that they felt partially excused their violent action, such as intoxication and ‘sad stories’. Ray & Simons argue the individuals who cited self defense as a cause for their violent behavior are clearly demonstrating a commitment to conventio nal behavior rather than the norms of a violent subculture. By employing this language, they have imagined themselves in other social roles, which therefore are dependant on the actor’s capacity for internal conversation. These internal conversations are an important part of the self-labeling process, not only for those individuals who claimed self-defence but also the remaining participants who felt they could not be held fully responsible due to substance abuse or emotional issues. If the actor can imagine that others would excuse or deem they’re behavior less criminal in certain circumstances, then through a process of internal conversation and by taking on the role of others, a rationalization is reached. This is clearly a symbolic interactionist perspective as the vocabulary adopted for motive is consistent with the social meaning, which derives from a constant process of symbolic communication between actors. Therefore, the actors self per... Free Essays on Symbolic Interactionism Free Essays on Symbolic Interactionism Throughout Ray & Simons study a clear symbolic interactionst perspective arises as the focus on the individual account of events are examined. These are looked at not only within the microcosmic world, but also the larger macrocosmic order and how it is implicit in the process of self-labeling. Of particular interest was the vocabulary employed by the participants in defining their motives. Interviews were conducted with twenty-four individuals of differing backgrounds all deriving from largely rural communities in mid west United States, and all of whom share a homicide or manslaughter conviction. Six of the participants gave reasons that they felt justified their behavior while the vast majority, 18 out of the 24 gave accounts that they felt partially excused their violent action, such as intoxication and ‘sad stories’. Ray & Simons argue the individuals who cited self defense as a cause for their violent behavior are clearly demonstrating a commitment to conventio nal behavior rather than the norms of a violent subculture. By employing this language, they have imagined themselves in other social roles, which therefore are dependant on the actor’s capacity for internal conversation. These internal conversations are an important part of the self-labeling process, not only for those individuals who claimed self-defence but also the remaining participants who felt they could not be held fully responsible due to substance abuse or emotional issues. If the actor can imagine that others would excuse or deem they’re behavior less criminal in certain circumstances, then through a process of internal conversation and by taking on the role of others, a rationalization is reached. This is clearly a symbolic interactionist perspective as the vocabulary adopted for motive is consistent with the social meaning, which derives from a constant process of symbolic communication between actors. Therefore, the actors self per...

H.W Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

H.W - Essay Example The cultural clash in the novel is seen both at the individual level and at the communal level; at the communal level, the cultural values and traditions of the Ibo people such as their traditional system of governance and ritual rights are greatly undermined by the arrival of the Europeans. The annual ceremony in honour of the earth deity among the Ibo people, when the clan’s ancestors that had been â€Å"committed to Mother Earth at their death (Achebe 186)† would emerge as â€Å"egwugwu† from tiny ant-holes is one of the Ibo’s sacred rituals that was challenged by Christianity. Okonkwo, Achebe’s most tragic character, clearly demonstrates the cultural clash at the individual level, when he out rightly resists the new political and religious order introduced by the Europeans because he perceived them not to be manly enough for the Ibo people. The Ibo culture places high regard on personal achievement and masculinity, attributes which were greatly opposed to the Christian values of equality of all people, irrespective of their gender and personal achievements. Achebe’s famous opening line â€Å"Okonkwo was well known throughout the nine villages and even beyond† clearly explains Okonkwo’s fame which, in Achebeâ₠¬â„¢s words, â€Å"rested on solid personal achievements† (Achebe 1). Okonkwo’s self-worth comes under great attack by the introduction of the new religious and political order by the Europeans, particularly because his identity was greatly pegged on the Ibo cultural standard. The Europeans’ misconceptions of the Ibo people are clearly expressed through Reverend Smith’s criticisms of the Africans. Unlike his predecessor Mr. Brown, Reverend Smith openly condemns the African cultural traditions and values by terming them barbaric and heathen; he has no desire to tolerate and accommodate the African rituals and cultural practices. Mr. Brown

Opportunity cost Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Opportunity cost - Essay Example The word cost in the context of economic production is defined as the opportunity cost of producing any good or service. It is considered to be the value that the factors of production or the resources could have generated if they were utilized for the next best use. In other words the opportunity cost is the sacrifice of the next best alternative that is made by consumption or production of a good or service. Thus when the resources are limited an individual has to make choices between the different alternatives. Accordingly by choosing one alternative he gives up the opportunity for enjoying the other remaining alternatives that he has not opted for. This is known as the opportunity cost of consumption or production. Hence it is the most important element in the context of economic that helps in the determination of the choice between the scare resource and the efficient allocation of the resources. Hence the opportunity cost is not only the money value that is given up for one par ticular choice but also the time costs and the psychological costs that are paid for the non-consumption of a product or service. This can be explained with the following example. A person having $10 may decide either to buy a book or an ice cream. If the person buys a book he would have to give up his opportunity to buy the ice cream and enjoy it. On the other hand if he buys an ice cream he gives up the opportunity to read the book. In both the cases the person has to pay an opportunity cost for choosing one option over the other (Samuelson 17). The concept of opportunity cost is used mostly in the context of production decisions. The main factors of production include capital and labor. Suppose a person works in a factory and he earns $10 per day. On the other hand he could have worked in his own farm and could have earned $ 7 a day and could have enjoyed labor for a longer time. Therefore by

Pacs Essay Example for Free

Pacs Essay Groups and Teams at Kluster 1. What are the challenges of working together as a team? How have members of the Illuminator project overcome these challenges? What are the benefits of a team-based approach? Teamwork is a huge factor of the success for many companies around the world. The performance of teamwork in the workplace will bring the sense of trust, loyalty and security among every worker. The morale and productivity will be higher as a result of that. However, working on a team has its own challenges. Working with people that have different personalities, ideas, cultures, backgrounds, ages, needs and values is one of the most challenges that teamwork faces during its performance. Conflict, mistrust, poor performance can be created as result of these differences. Finding a way to overcome these obstacles is the foundation of a strong and successful teamwork. Illuminator project has overcome these challenges by respecting and using every skill and idea that each team member delivers. That makes every team member feel important and productive. Also communication among each member is very critical for the success of the Illuminator project. Today, teamwork has been found to be as a better way on using every employee’s talent and skill toward a more effective and efficient organization. † Management has found that teams are more flexible and responsive to changing events than are traditional departments. Teams have the capability to quickly assemble, deploy, refocus, and disband. † Robbins and Judge, pg 323. 2. What type of individual would fit in well on the Illuminator team? What characteristics are important? According to the engineer of the Illuminator project, each team member should have self-disciplined and self-leadership. Individuals that are careful, reliable, organized, hardworking, persistent, and honest are those that are more likely to give a higher performance than those that lack any of these characteristics. Conscientious personality which describes someone that is responsible, persistent and organized would fit in well on the Illuminator team. Also, someone who is emotionally stable meaning a confidence, calmness and secure personality would fit in well on this team. . How has technology changed the way we do business? Identify how Kluster has embraced technology in its operations. Advanced technology such as computers and computer networks have changed and helped businesses on being more efficient and effective. Downsizing, outsourcing and empowerment are some of the substantial gains of the organizations due to the technology. New ways of communicating among members, stor ing information and researching for ideas and ways to achieve and succeed are result of the advanced technology. Kluster has taken advantage of the technology by using the telecommuting as a way of communication among team members. Since members of Kluster project live in different areas and some of them travel to different cities, it’s very important to communicate with each other at all the time. Therefore telecommuting through Web based program has made it possible. â€Å"Telecommuting refers to employees who do their work at home on a computer that is linked to their office. † Robbins and Judge, pg 223. 4. Describe the different parts of the Illuminator team. Why is it necessary to have each of these parts represented? The illuminator team is created by combining different ideas and skills of different individuals. Each team member has to be self- disciplined and committed to their job. As every organization, Illuminator team has the founder, the project designer, the engineer of the team and the project manager. The importance of this system is to keep the work in place and run effectively and naturally. Each member has different responsibilities that need to be established and require different skills. Illuminator project runs under job enlargement design which increases the degree of each member to control, plan and evaluate the work done. â€Å" An enriched job organizes tasks so as to allow the worker to do a complete activity, increases the employee’s freedom and independence, increases responsibility, and provides feedback so individuals will be assess and correct their own performance†. Robbins and Judge, pg 220. 5. Ben Kaufman, founder of Illuminator, says it is important to recognize that sometimes people need a break from the team. Explain what he means by this. Sometimes, personal life issues can cause stress, pressure, disorientation and weak performance. Therefore, it’s very important that every team member to have the right and be able to work sometimes on their own away from the team as long as they work on their job responsibilities. Depending on the personality, some individuals can perform better while under stress when they work alone. Being able to accept that break from the rest of the team, the organization is helping their member to establish his/her responsibilities required for the organization’s success. . What two or three suggestions would you provide to address ways that virtual teams could celebrate successes? How would you implement them? I would give two suggestions that could help virtual team succeed. The first one is to set a time of the day every week for all the team members to participate in a meeting via internet. In this way, everyone will be able to get the same feedbacks, ask questions and receiv e answers at the same time and share their ideas with the rest of the team. So every week the meeting will provide each member with the result of their work, how much has been achieved and where they need improvement. The second suggestion would be for the virtual team to have a leader where the team members can address all their questions and concern. The team leader should be reached at anytime of the day and be able to address these concerns in the best way possible. 7. As a manager, what two or three suggestions would you implement to ensure that individual members were recognized for their contribution? Obviously, financial incentives will help motivate every employee to perform better. A pay raise would be one of the suggestions that would ensure that the good work of a member has been recognized. Also, bonuses such as a paid day off or a gift card would be another suggestion. Employee of the month nomination can be a third suggestion. This way the competition to get any of these recognitions among employees will provide a better performance and more productive workers. Therefore, I as a manager will be able to lead a successful organization.

The Safety Of Blood :: essays research papers fc

The Safety of Blood A five-year old girl is riding down the street, on her way to her best friend's house. She doesn't have a care in the world and is quietly humming to herself. Suddenly a car whips around the corner and swerves to avoid the child, but he looses control and squarely hits the girl, causing the her to fall and get trapped between the car and her battered bicycle. A main artery in her leg has been severed and blood fills the gutter of the street. As she gets rushed to the hospital in the ambulance, a pint of blood is given to her to attempt to replace some of the life giving fluid that is pouring out of her leg. In the end she received four pints of blood and made a full recovery. Although everything turned out all right for the girl, things could have been much different. What if that blood hadn't been there because the nation's blood supply was low? What if the blood that she received had been infected with a deadly disease such as Syphilis or HIV? These are pressing concerns for today's society. Even though one in every five people will need a blood transfusion and the risk of contracting a disease such as AIDS is practically negligible, people are still concerned that the blood that they receive may have harmful or deadly diseases and that today's blood supply is not "safe." However, "safe" means different things for different people. For some, safe is an absolute security from any danger. This is an extreme viewpoint, though, because most people realize that one can never be completely safe. Another, and more popularly held connotation of "safe," is the probability of not getting hurt. This is a much more reasonable and plausible definition and therefor will be used throughout this paper. However, even though the overwhelming probability is that nothing will go wrong, people still fear that the nation's blood supply is unsafe. They are incorrect in this belief, though, because much is done to assure that the nation's blood supply is, in fact, safe. One requirement to having a safe blood supply is to have an extensive reserve, because this allows for the option of discarding any blood that is potentially unsafe. The assurance of an ample blood supply begins with the donation process. Most of the people in this country have the capability to donate blood. However, only 4 percent of the eligible population actually donates.1 There are few restrictions and the reason why there are blood shortages is because people don't want to donate as opposed to can't donate.

A Global Language: English Language Essay

English is an international language spoken all over the world that was originally borrowed from the world. If English is used as a global language, there might be some advantages related to communication and business. However, there are also several disadvantages in terms of losing mother tongue and taking time and money. The advantages outweigh the disadvantages, so English should be made the global language. The first essential affirmative point is communication. There are more than 200 countries in the world. If everyone could speak English, they may have the ability to communicate with others whenever they are in strange countries. Furthermore, using English, people can have more friends, widen peer relationships with foreigners and can not get lost. Overall, English becomes a global language; people may have more chances in communication.Another crucial advantage is improving business. If English was spoken widespread and everyone could use it, they would likely have more opportunities in business. Foreign investments from rich countries might be supported to the poorer countries. For instance, a company and its proponents would be able to discuss, understand each other and develop the projects together. The first disadvantage of issue is losing mother language. If English used as a global language, people may use it both at work and daily life. Children and teenagers might prefer to watch English cartoons or movies. Gradually, they make mistake when they use their mother languages. It can not be imagine if English is only one language in the world. Another serious negative point is taking much time and money. Old generation might need to study English to communicate with the youth ages. In addition, educational curriculum system could be changed to be suitable for the reform. These processes need quite long time and a large amount of money. In conclusion, using English as a global language has both advantages and disadvantages. It is useful for communicating and business while could lead to be lost mother tongue and take much time and money.

Partnership Care Nursing: A review of two Peer-reviewed Journals on Care Nursing

Introduction The concept of teamwork in health and social care has a vast literature. For instance, a policy developed by the Department of Health in 2007 mainly focused on eradicating inequalities in health service provision through partnership working between primary care providers and other social care agencies. Today’s healthcare service status demands teamwork, which is particularly true for nurses who have to deal with multiple of factors during their professional service provision. On the same breadth is the increased call for more patients’ involvement in their health, including on the right to make decision and seek legal support on the basis of their health. In other words, every patient receiving healthcare services, including nursing service is entitled to be actively involved in their own care. The philosophy behind partnership working in nursing is based on several concepts and principles: empowerment, autonomy & rights, power-sharing, information sharing, respect, mak ing informed choices, and paternalism. The aim of this paper is to analyse ideas from two different articles by different authors on the topic of nursing, particularly on the partnership working in nursing. Discussions Article I: Patient participation in nursing care: towards a concept clarification from a nurse perspective In their study, â€Å"Patient participation in nursing care: towards a concept clarification from a nurse perspective† Sahlsten et al. (2007) explored the evolution of patient participation, a concept that has not only gained significant transformation overtime, but also brought with it more challenges on definitions and dimensions of patient participation. The authors used focus group interviews to collect data, conducting open interviews on the selected seven groups. While the data gathering took five months to accomplish, the researchers were able to uncover the respondent’s perspectives in depth. While the focus group interviews may have mainly focused on the meaning and implementation of patient participation in line with the study’s aim, the results can clearly reveal what nurses value most in terms of patient participation. Respondents rated equal partners’ participation, co-operation, and shared responsibility as the most significant factors in rel ational nursing (Sahlsten et al., 2007, pp. 635-636). While the aim of the study was to explore â€Å"the meaning of patient participation in the nursing care from a nurse perspective† (Sahlsten et al., 2007, p.632), the review of other authors’ works reveals a plethora of issues in the nursing care and partnership working. The nurse-patient relationship is considered successful when both parties view each other as partners, with the nurse required to use professionalism, knowledge and positive ideas in the implementation of nursing care plan. Patient, on the other hand, is expected to have the intellectual ability to understand and make the right choices with regard to their own nursing care. The authors, however, faults the incongruence relationship between studies conducted in relation to patient participation on one side and definitions, elements and processes in literature and practice on the other side. Although there are a lot of empirical literature on nursing theories and patient participation, the authors claim t hat no empirically grounded theory has ever been established, calling for significant insight into more studies related to the concept of patient participation in their own nursing care. The authors claim that the traditional approach where patients were mere recipient of nursing care has changed, and subsequently replaced by the more active patients who are directly involved in their own care. More importantly, patients’ participation simply means the opportunity for them to participate in their own care, with regular adjustment as the situation may demand. Article II: The relational core of nursing practice as partnership Jonsdottir, Litchfield and Pharris (2004), while exploring â€Å"the relational core of nursing practice as partnership†, focused their analysis on the evolving relational core of nursing care in the backdrop of increased technology use and outcome-oriented approaches. The three authors, unlike their previously outlined counterparts, only focused on critical review of the available literature, espousing the role of evolving dialogue between nurse and patient in terms of partnership nursing and care. While technology is considered in the positive side in terms of medical breakthroughs, experts and general observers alike have associated it with distraction in health care services that need personalised attention including nursing (Jonsdottir, Litchfield and Pharris, 2004, p.241). In retrospect, the authors claim that the distracted modern nurse sees patient as a problem rather than partner to be attended to, consequently obscuring the humanness of nursing experience. To emphasise on the need to correct the deteriorating relational nursing concept in the perspective of partnership, Jonsdottir, Litchfield and Pharris (2004) outline and analyse various research studies that backs the need for nurses to be real partners through presence, care, and attentiveness in every stage of care nursing. The authors categorically state that the patients need medical treatment as priority, but emphasis should also be given to proven holistic approaches to care nursing, which studies have revealed to be equally significant in the overall healthcare. The focus on holistic care nursing should thus be based on dialogue between nurses and patients, for example, where the former should be in a position to explain to the latter why a certain procedure or activity is necessary in the process of care nursing. Conclusion While the two set of authors had different approaches to their respective work, both articles exemplifies harmony in terms of the need for partnership care nursing. One may, however, notice that the former article largely referred to partnership in the perspective of increased patient participation in own care nursing. The latter article mainly focused on partnership as a dialogue between nurse and patient. It is prudent to state that the former authors’ focus on patient elevation is largely due to historical background of healthcare service provision that pushed patients to the periphery of their own health. Nonetheless, the difference in semantics and approach notwithstanding, the two sets of authors agree that both patients and nurses need to collaborate, and view each other as partners rather than either one party feeling superior to one another. After all, it is common knowledge in the health care cycle that post-modern health and social care services requires more than t he post-war’s â€Å"one-size-fits-all† approach that dominated the universal health care service provision more than fifty decades ago. References Jonsdottir, H., Litchfield, M. and Pharris, M.D. 2004. The relational core of nursing practice as partnership. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 47(3), 241-250. Sahlsten M.J., Larson I.E., Sjostrom B., Lindencrona, C.S. and Ploskae. 2007. Patients participation in nursing care: towards a concept clarification from a nurse perspective. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16, 630-637.

The Ultimate List of FREE Writing Contests in 2019 - Jerry Jenkins

The Ultimate List of FREE Writing Contests in 2019 - Jerry Jenkins Your Ultimate Guide to Writing Contests Through 2019 Regardless where you are on your writing journey- from wannabe to bestseller- you can benefit from entering contests. Why? Because the right contest can tell you: Where you stand How you measure up against the competition What you still need to learn Not to mention, you could win prizes. :) That’s why my team and I conducted extensive research to not only find free, high-quality writing contests, but to also give you the best chance to win. (We’ll update this post frequently with new writing contest details.) Need help writing your novel?  Click here to download my ultimate 12-step guide. Free Writing Contests in 2019 (and Beyond) 53-Word Story Contest Prize: Publication, a free book from Press 53 Deadline: Frequent contests Sponsor: Prime Number Magazine Description: Each month Prime Number Magazine invites writers to submit a 53-word story based on a prompt. The Jeff Sharlet Memorial Award for Veterans Prize: 1st: $1,000 and publication in The Iowa Review 2nd: $750 3rd (3 selected): $500 Deadline: 5/1/20 5/31/20 Sponsor: The Iowa Review Description: Due to a donation from the family of veteran and antiwar author, Jeff Sharlet, The Iowa Review is able to hold The Jeff Sharlet Memorial Award for Veterans. Note: Only U.S. military veterans and active duty personnel may submit writing in any genre about any topic. St. Francis College Literary Prize Prize: $50,000 Deadline: TBD 2021 Sponsor: St. Francis College Description: For mid-career authors who have just published their 3rd, 4th, or 5th fiction book. Self-published books and English translations are also considered. New Writers Awards Prize: The winning authors tour several colleges, giving readings, lecturing, visiting classes, conducting workshops, and publicizing their books. Each writer receives an honorarium of at least $500 from each college visited, as well as travel expenses, hotel accommodations, and hospitality. Deadline: TBD 2020 Sponsor: Great Lakes Colleges Association Description: Every year since 1970, the Association has honored newly published writers with an award for a first published volume of poetry, fiction, and creative nonfiction. Note: Publishers (not the writers) are invited to submit works that â€Å"emphasize literary excellence.†Ã‚  All entries must be written in English and published in the United States or Canada. Young Lions Fiction Award Prize: $10,000 Deadline: 9/6/19 Sponsor: New York Public Library Description: Each Spring, the Library gives a writer 35 years old or younger $10,000 for a novel or a collection of short stories. This award seeks to encourage young and emerging writers of contemporary fiction. The Iowa Short Fiction Award Prize: Publication in the University of Iowa Press Deadline: 9/30/19 Sponsor: University of Iowa Press Description: Seeking 150-page (or longer) collections of fiction by writers who have not previously traditionally published a novel or fiction collection. Pen/Faulkner Award for Fiction Prize: $15,000 Deadline: 10/31/19 Sponsor: Pen/Faulkner Foundation Description: Mary Lee established the Award in 1980 to recognize excellent literary fiction. It accepts published books and is peer-juried. The winner is honored as â€Å"first among equals.† Friends of American Writers Literary Award Prize: $1,000 $3,000 Deadline: 12/10/19 Sponsor: Friends of American Writers Chicago Description: Current or former residents of the American Midwest (or authors whose book takes place in the Midwest) are invited to submit to the FAW Literary Award. Published novels or nonfiction books are welcome. Authors must have three or fewer books published, including the submission. Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards Prize: $10,000 Deadline: 12/31/19 Sponsor: Cleveland Foundation Description: The Award seeks fiction, poetry, and nonfiction books published the previous year (books published in 2019 are eligible for the 2020 prize) â€Å"that contribute to our understanding of racism and our appreciation of cultural diversity.† Self-published work not accepted. Cabell First Novelist Award Prize: $5,000 Deadline: 12/31/19 Sponsor: Virginia Commonwealth University Description: Seeks to honor first-time novelists â€Å"who have navigated their way through the maze of imagination and delivered a great read.† Novels published the previous year are accepted. The Gabo Prize Prize: $200 Deadline: Every February and August Sponsor: Lunch Ticket Description: Awards translators and authors of multilingual texts (poetry and prose) with $200 and publication in Lunch Ticket. Transitions Abroad Expatriate and Work Abroad Writing Contest Prize: First: $500 Second: $150 Third: $100 All Finalists: $50 Deadline: 9/1/19 Sponsor: Transitions Abroad Publishing, Inc. Description: Seeking inspiring articles or practical mini-guides that also provide in-depth descriptions of your experience moving, living, and working abroad (including teaching, internships, volunteering, short-term jobs, etc.). Work should be between 1,200-3,000 words. All writers welcome. Short Fiction Prize Prize: $1,000 and a scholarship to the 2020 Southampton Writers Conference. Deadline: TBD Sponsor: Stoney Brook University Description: Seeking short stories by undergraduates at American or Canadian colleges. The Wallace Stegner Prize in Environmental Humanities Prize: $5,000 and publication. Deadline: 12/30/19 Sponsor: The University of Utah Press Description: Wallace Stegner was a student of the American West, an environmental spokesman, and a creative writing teacher. In his memory, the University of Utah Press seeks book-length monographs in the field of environmental humanities. Projects focusing on the American West preferred. Drue Heinz Literature Prize Prize: $15,000 and publication Deadline: TBD Sponsor: University of Pittsburgh Press Description: Seeks short fiction or novella collections. Writers who have published a novel or a book-length collection of fiction with a traditional book publisher, or a minimum of three short stories or novellas in magazines or journals of national distribution are accepted. Ernest J. Gaines Award for Literary Excellence Prize: $15,000 Deadline: 8/15/19, TBD 2020 Sponsor: Baton Rouge Area Foundation Description: Honors novels and story collections by African American writers. Entries that will be published in 2019 are accepted. Brooklyn Nonfiction Prize Prize: $500 Deadline: TBD Sponsor: Brooklyn Film Arts Festival Description: Showcases essays set in Brooklyn. Five authors will be asked to read their pieces at the Brooklyn Film Arts Festival. International Flash Fiction Competition Prize: First: $20,000 Three runners-up: $2,000 Deadline: TBD Sponsor: The Cà ©sar Egido Serrano Foundation Description: With over 40,000 participants last year, this prize invites authors to submit flash fiction in Spanish, English, Arabic, and Hebrew. David J. Langum, Sr. Prize in American Historical Fiction Prize: $1,000 Deadline: 12/1/19 Sponsor: The Langum Foundation Description: To make American history accessible to general educated readers, the Foundation seeks American historical novels published in the previous year. Novels should take place in America before 1950 (split-time novels accepted). Novels set outside American but including American values and characters accepted (such as about the American military). Self-published novels not accepted. W.Y. Boyd Literary Award Prize: $5,000 Deadline: TBD Sponsor: American Library Association Description: The Association seeks Military fiction published in the previous year. Children’s books not accepted- young adult and adult novels only. Thomas and Lillie D. Chaffin Award Prize: $1,000 Deadline: 12/1/19 Sponsor: Morehead State University Description: Accepts outstanding books of all genres by Appalachian writers. Writers will have the opportunity to interact with students. BCALA Literary Awards Prize: $500 Deadline: 12/31/19 Sponsor: Black Caucus of the American Library Association Description: For literary fiction, nonfiction, and poetry books as well as first novels. Books written by African Americans and published the previous year accepted. Desert Writers Award Prize: $5,000 Deadline: TBD 2020 Sponsor: Ellen Meloy Fund Description: Accepts proposals for creative nonfiction about the desert that reflects the spirit and passions embodied in Ellen’s writing and her commitment to a â€Å"deep map of place.† John Gardner Fiction Book Award Prize: $1,000 Deadline: Accepts submissions September 1, 2019 through February 1, 2020. Sponsor: Binghamton University Description: Seeks original novels or collections of fiction published the previous year. Nelson Algren Short Story Award Prize: First: $3,500 Finalists (5): $750 Deadline: TBD 2020 Sponsor: Chicago Tribune Description: Original, unpublished short stories under 8,000 words accepted for this award given in honor of the late Chicago writer. Graywolf Press Nonfiction Prize Prize: $12,000 and publication Deadline: TBD 2020 Sponsor: Graywolf Press Description: Awarded to the most promising and innovative literary nonfiction project by a writer not yet established in the genre. Accepts memoirs, essays, biographies, histories, and more, but emphasizes innovation over straightforward memoirs. New Voices Award Prize: $2,000 and publication ($1,000 for the Honor Award winner) Deadline: 8/31/19 Sponsor: Lee and Low Books Description: Seeks a children’s picture book manuscript by a writer of color or a Native/Indigenous writer. Only U.S. residents who have not previously published a children’s picture book are eligible. Fiction, nonfiction, and poetry accepted that addresses the needs of children of color and Native nations by providing stories with which they can identify and which promote a greater understanding of one another. Work should be under 1,500 words. St. Martin’s Minotaur / Mystery Writers of America First Crime Novel Competition Prize: Publication and a $10,000 advance Deadline: TBD 2020 Sponsor: Minotaur Books and Mystery Writers of America Description: Seeks mysteries by writers who have never published a novel (not including self-publishing). Serious crime must be at the heart of the work. Stowe Prize Prize: $10,000 Deadline: TBD Sponsor: Harriet Beecher Stowe Center Description: Named for the abolitionist and author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, recognizes a U.S. author whose work has made a tangible impact on a social justice issue critical to contemporary society. Can be for a single work or a body of work (fiction or nonfiction) within two years of submission. ServiceScape Short Story Award Prize:  $1,000 Deadline: 11/29/19 Sponsor: ServiceScape Description: Accepts original, unpublished work (5,000 words or fewer) in any genre. The Marfield Prize Prize: $10,000 Deadline: TBD Sponsor: The Arts Club of Washington Description: Celebrates nonfiction books about an artistic discipline published the previous year. The Glenna Luschei Prize for African Poetry Prize: $1,000 Deadline: TBD Sponsor: African Poetry Book Fund Description: Honors published books by African poets. The Roswell Award Prize: $500 Deadline: TBD Sponsor: Light Bringer Project and Sci-Fest L.A. Description: Explore the future of humankind with science fiction short stories between 1,500 and 500 words by authors over 18. Also includes prizes for translated work and feminist work. Narrative Prize Prize: $4,000 Deadline: 6/15/20 Sponsor: Narrative Description: Awarded annually for the best short story, novel excerpt, poem, one-act play, graphic story, or work of literary nonfiction published by a new or emerging writer in Narrative. Bacopa Literary Review Contest Prize: $300 Deadline: TBD (Spring 2020) Sponsor: The Writers Alliance of Gainesville Description: Seeks work in the categories of haiku, poetry, prose poetry, fiction, and creative nonfiction Jim Baen Memorial Short Story Award Prize: $.07 per word and publication Deadline: 2/1/20 Sponsor: National Space Society and Baen Books Description: The National Space Society and Baen Books applaud the role that science fiction plays in advancing real science and have teamed up to sponsor this short fiction contest in memory of Jim Baen. Black Orchid Novella Award Prize: $1,000 and publication Deadline: 5/31/20 Sponsor: The Wolfe Pack and Alfred Hitchcock’s Mystery Magazine Description: Seeks mystery novellas in the tradition of the Nero Wolfe series. Hektoen Grand Prix Essay Competition 1st Prize: $3,000 2nd Prize: $800 Deadline: TBD 2020 Sponsor: Hektoen Institute of Medicine Description: Seeks essays about medicine under 1,600 words. Topics might include art, history, literature, education, etc., as they relate to medicine. James Laughlin Award Prize: $5,000, an all-expenses-paid weeklong residency at The Betsy Hotel in Miami Beach, Florida, and distribution of the winning book to approximately one thousand Academy of American Poets members. Deadline: Submissions accepted yearly between January 1 and May 15 Sponsor: The Academy of American Poets Description: Offered since 1954, the James Laughlin Award is given to recognize and support a second book of poetry forthcoming in the next calendar year. Parsec Short Story Contest Prize:   First: $200 Second: $100 Third: $50 Deadline: TBD 2020 Sponsor: Parsec, Inc. Description: This annual contest seeks science fiction, fantasy, and horror short stories from non-professional writers. Owl Canyon Press Short Story Hackathon Prize:   First: $3,000 Second: $2,000 Third: $1,000 Finalists (24): Publication Deadline: 9/30/19 Sponsor: Owl Canyon Press Description: Seeks stories with 50 paragraphs, but the first and twentieth paragraphs are provided by the judges. Tony Hillerman Prize Prize: Publication and a $10,000 advance Deadline: TBD 2020 Sponsor: Western Writers of America and St. Martins Press, LLC Description: Seeks unpublished mystery novels set in the Southwest by authors who havent previously published a mystery novel. Need help writing your novel?  Click here to download my ultimate 12-step guide.

Civil Disobedence Essays - Civil Disobedience, Nonviolence

Civil Disobedence Essays - Civil Disobedience, Nonviolence Civil Disobedence Throughout the history of the United States, there have been many times when citizens have felt the need to revolt against their government. Such cases of revolt took place during the times Henry David Thoreau. The reason for his revolution included discrimination against the community and Americans refusing to pay poll taxes to support the Mexican War. Thoreau used civil disobedience to change people's ideas and beliefs to stop the injustice brought against them and their nation. Civil Disobedience is defined as refusal to obey civil laws or decrees, which usually takes the form of direct action (Grolier's Encyclopedia Online). People practicing civil disobedience break a law because they consider the law unjust. They want to call attention to its injustice, hoping to bring about its withdrawal. Thoreau wrote Civil Disobedience in 1849, right after spending a night in the Walden town jail for refusing to pay a poll tax for the Mexican War. He recommended using direct action to create social tension, thus leading to the reform of unjust laws practiced by the government. He voiced civil disobedience as, An expression of the individual's liberty to create change (Thoreau). Thoreau felt that the government had established order that resisted reform and change. Action from principle, the perception and performance of right, changes things and relations; it is essentially revolutionary (Thoreau). Thoreau refused to pay the poll tax because the money was being used to finance the Mexican War. Not only was Thoreau against the war itself, but the war was over Texas, which was to be used as a slave state. His friend, Staples, offered to pay the tax for him, but to Thoreau, it wasn't paying the tax that he was objecting to, it was how the money would be used. Thoreau felt strongly about paying money toward a war he did not support. He would rather end up in jail than go against his will. Your money is your life, why should I haste to give it my money (Thoreau). This illustrates how strongly he felt. It was very important to Thoreau to inform the public about the war. He wanted people to realize why it was wrong to support it. Thoreau never rallied hundreds and thousands of people together, violently or nonviolently, to get reactions. Instead, he went to jail to protest and wrote his essay, Civil Disobedience. Thoreau's philosophy was to get people to think and take their own approach to a situation. Thoreau definitely had many of the ideas of how to deal with unjust laws performed by government. Thoreau inspired reform and also overturned many unjust laws and customs in our country. We, as a society, should look at this man as heroic figures and learn from his teachings. This will help us better our knowledge of how to use non-violent direct action for future national and international problems we may encounter.

Game Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Game Theory - Research Paper Example Game theory is useful for many purposes. First, one must ask, what is game theory? â€Å"Game theory uses mathematical tools to study situations, called games, involving both conflict and cooperation. Its study was greatly stimulated by the publication in 1944 of the monumental Theory of Games and Economic Behavior by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Before we get into the details of game theory, it is first important to make clear a few definitions. A â€Å"game† consists of a competition between two or more parties, although in decision theory, it is possible to have a one-person game. A â€Å"player† is a party competing in said game. The state is the information known by a player at a certain point during the game. A strategy is a rule which defines how the player will play the game. The payoff is the value assigned to the result of play, i.e., the outcome—the results of which might be distinct for every player. The main concept behind game theory is that, in a game, each player is trying to maximize their resultant payoff. â€Å"The game theoretician is concerned with the mathematical model and with conclusions he can draw from assumptions (in particular about utilities represented by payoffs) that stay put, not with assumptions that capture the entire spectrum of human conflict behavior.† ... with assumptions that capture the entire spectrum of human conflict behavior.†2 At each stage of a game, a wide array of moves is presented to each player. Then, they each decide the move that would be the best choice, to the best of their knowledge, in order to achieve the highest payoff. There are always rules for selecting the proper moves at any point in a game which can be figured out before a game is played—which is called a strategy. Subsequently, it also follows that a game which is very complex, involving many decisions at varying stages can be represented by the strategy of each player. But, the result of any particular strategy really depends on the other players’ moves. Someone on the defensive might be able to calculate the lowest payoff or end result for each strategy (presuming that the particular strategy is somewhat of a secret), selecting the strategy that would result in the best (or highest) payoff. Basically, it is worth noting that one should account for the fact that many players will try to act as rationally as possible, hopefully making corollary decisions which would be deemed ration. To such an end, the main goal is to find a certain set of strategies (one per player) that maximizes each player’s payoff. However, such a selection of strategies should probably be rejected if it is not equilibrium. Equilibrium is basically reached when none of the players can attain a higher payoff by way of utilizing a different strategy, given the decisive actions of the other players. The model which has thus far been described is pretty abstract, although, technically speaking, this theory can be applied to a quite huge range of scenarios—and could be thusly applied to warfare, business, sports, or even politics. Truly, the possible uses of game

How do authoritarianism and sultanism differ, and which type of Essay

How do authoritarianism and sultanism differ, and which type of authoritarianism defines Arab monarchies Give contemporary exam - Essay Example The whole of the twentieth century has gained importance in history for creating more authoritative regimes that include Hitler’s rule of Germany, Stalin’s regime in the then USSR, Pol Pot’s reign in Cambodia and Mao’s brutal rule in China, than for democratic transformations. It is easy to relate non-democratic regimes as historical and political anomalies in the twenty-first century, especially after the collapse of the communist USSR during the late 1980s and the dramatic revolution in the Middle East (also known as the Arab Spring of 2011); however, it would be overly optimistic to view non-democratic authoritative bodies as outdated. Such perspectives fail to take into account the possibilities that forcibly removing one authoritarian leader may simply lead to another one taking his/her place, or it may also lead to foreign invasion, or even a failed state. A study of literature showed that the breakdown of the USSR and the subsequent collapse of comm unism did not bring democracy to countries such as Uzbekistan, neither does the ousting of authoritative heads in Yemen, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt guarantee stable democracies in all these states. In this context, Way claimed that when the collapse of the USSR and the Arab Spring of 2011 are compared, it reveals the likelihood of the survival of authoritative regimes, ‘and that those [Arab] countries which do witness authoritarian collapse will be less likely to democratize than their European counterparts were’ (2011: 17). It is noteworthy that the Middle East has singularly remained steadfast in maintaining a non-democratic authoritative regime in power in the form of monarchy or sultanism. Sultanism is a type of  authoritarian regime, where  a ruler is present in all aspects of governance. Sultanism  is a term derived from the Arabic word sultan, which denotes an absolute monarch in Muslim societies. In the context of authoritative regimes, as seen in the Middle East and North Africa, Belling said: While the number of electoral democracies [in Middle East and North Africa] has nearly doubled since 1972, the number in this region has registered an absolute decline. Today, only two out of twenty-one countries qualify as electoral democracies, down from three observed in 1972. Stagnation is also evident in the guarantee of political rights and civil liberties. While the number of countries designated free by Freedom House has doubled in the Americas and in the Asia-Pacific region, increased tenfold in Africa, and risen exponentially in Central and East Europe over the past thirty years, there has been no overall improvement in the Middle East and North Africa. Aggregate scores in 2002 differ little from 1972. Fifteen countries are designated not free, five partly free, and only one free. While a few countries, notably Morocco, Jordan, Bahrain, and Yemen, have registered noteworthy progress toward political liberalization in the past decade, o verall the vast majority of countries has failed to catch the wave of democratization that has swept nearly every other part of the world (2004: 139). This essay will make a study of the available literature to find out the differences between authoritarianism and sultanism regimes, and the type of authoritarianism that defines Arab monarchies. Discussion Non-democratic regime in the general sense relates to the rule by a political body or a government in a manner that does not

Reality TV (Black Musical Artist) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reality TV (Black Musical Artist) - Essay Example The reality television genre has really exploded since the original writers’ strike caused FOX to start airing episodes of â€Å"COPS,† and earlier, when PBS made its inquiries into the American family dynamic. In any case, it seems safe to say that reality TV is here to stay a genre, and is currently often being combined with the music industry, exemplified by the abovementioned African-American pop divas (and occasionally their siblings). Monica, perhaps most famous musically for her breakthrough single â€Å"Just 1 of Those Things,† can be found on reality TV on the BET network, in â€Å"Monica: Still Standing.† This is a show about female empowerment, struggle, and the ins and outs of the music industry. In the show, Monica struggles mainly with fame and the increasing expectations of her fans, although she also has to balance, as a modern woman, her career and her family. The show is very realistic about the drama Monica undergoes when she has to bala nce her personal life, her past run-ins with the law and dangerous people, and the present stresses of her fame. The show provides an empowering role model for African-American women, rather than focusing on a sexualized or objectified image of femininity. Also on BET, â€Å"Tiny and Toya† is another reality series focusing on a famous African-American female musician, Tiny, and Toya, who is the ex-wife of famous and currently-jailed rapper Lil Wayne.

Darwins Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Essay Example for Free

Darwins Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Essay The mechanisms for individuals in a population to survive heterogeneous habitats have been a strong debate within the scientific community. The native European Littorina obtusata are a great model organism to study Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. This is because of their vast phenotypic characteristics, particularly their evolving shell thickness throughout history due to predatory pressures of the new arrival of Carcinus maenas. Here we test whether L obtusata three most critical tenants of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection; variation within a population, heritability, and selection. By observing the shell thickness of East Coast of N. America L. obtusata where predatory C. maenas are common versus the West Coast of N. America where C. maenas are not found, it will further provide evidence whether these shell thickness differences are due to natural selection predatory or phenotypic plasticity occurring. This was tested by placing banded crabs in both East and West populations of L. btusata and observing how their shell thickness decreased, further proving that L. obtusata cannot sense or smell the presence of C. maenas. These findings provide further evidence for Seeley’s research that the accelerating morphological changes of L. obtusata shell thickness was in response to strong selection by C. maenas and not because speciation occurring. Some believe that Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection is operating the morphological breaks found in fossil records within a population. Darwin’s book On the Origin of Species listed four basic postulates to natural selection; there must be variations among individuals in a population, variations must be heritable, survival and reproduction must be variable and non-random (Darwin, 1859). As a result, every generation there will be slight changes in the population. One scientist in particular, Robin Seeley, tried understanding Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection by studying the thickness of shells of flat periwinkles, Littorina obtusata, of Appledore Island and the new arrival of predatory green crabs, Carcinus maenas. Seeley noted acceleration in natural selection that normally is not observed within the L. obtusata population in response to strong selection by C. maenas. This is because shell thickness affects the survivability and reproduction of L. obtusata when C. maenas claws break them to meal (Trussel, 1996). The observation confirmed that when C. maenas were introduced in the East Coast of N. America, L. obtusata range of shell thickness increased compared to the West Coast of N. America L. obtusata populations where predatory C. maenas were not found (Seeley, 1986). These vast morphological differences in their shell thicknesses was thought to occur because of the C. maenas selection for the thinner-shelled L. obtusata. Seeley’s research further showed that speciation was not occurring within the intertidal snails as many previous scientists claimed.

Humorous Wedding Roast by a Friend of the Groom Essay -- Wedding Toast

Humorous Wedding Speech by a Friend of the Groom Good evening Ladies and Gentlemen - I must admit to being rather nervous about today's speech. As it’s a family occasion, the last thing I want to do is cause offence by talking in too much detail about Brian’s colorful past. I’ve therefore decided to edit out anything that might cause offence. So thank you very much and have a wonderful evening! Sit down. Laughter. Stand up and continue. I read somewhere that you can flesh out your speech by researching which famous people were born the same day as the groom (bridegroom), and make some sort of link. Well, Brian was born on 9th January 1976, just 24 hours after a whole host of famous and interesting people - musical luminaries such as Bowie and Elvis, and the modern day Einstei...

Leadership and Teamwork

I used to be a varsity player in high school and as in every group or team, we have our set of arguments as well. One time, two of my team mates were arguing about â€Å"being too irresponsible of not passing the ball to the other† versus â€Å"not passing the ball because the other one usually loses the ball in passing†, consequently leading to countless turnovers, as well as, losing the opportunity to make points of course. Our game was already about to start but still they were still arguing over our previous games and the mistakes that we committed. Nobody would just give in, so I took the opportunity to lead them to a good, nice, and smooth conversation. I assisted them in communicating well instead of scolding them both. I told them they should be achievement-oriented and focus on our current game instead of going over the past time and again. I also portrayed a very good example when the situation was incontrollable and one is most likely to get mad. They saw this and realized they should not have done what they did. These two people are extremely good players if only their emotions will not affect them. We won that day simply because their arguments were settled soon enough because of the influence of a very good leader. We also won because there was ‘teamwork’. Personal Sense of Leadership and Teamwork I have a â€Å"sense of teamwork†, of course. This is where roles are established, meaning functions, authority, accountability, and priorities are extremely considered and focused on making it easy to attain goals effectively (Teamwork, n.d.). No doubt, I have a â€Å"sense of leadership† as well. I strongly believe that a leader should be exceedingly good in communication (Clark, 1997). A classic example of a leader who happens to be extraordinary and brilliant in terms of communication is someone: 1) who speaks to people as they are; 2) who shows originality instead of emulating someone else’s style; 3) who presents himself as his/her own person; and 4) who does his/her best to understand what others say, meaning, he/she who also try to walk in someone else’s shoes, instead of merely listening to how people articulate things (Clark, 1997). Yet another example is this: A leader will listen and try to understand an employee’s explanation as to why he/she was absent, instead of just merely listening but will not try to be considerate and punish the employee immediately after (Clark, 1997). Allow me to reiterate that, â€Å"Communication is one of the most needed characteristic if one is to become a leader† (Clark, 1997). For instance, † If you exhibit rudeness to your members/subordinates, for sure, you will never have the credibility that you ought to have to be respected and if you do not know how to communicate properly, you will never be able to attain being a leader† (Clark, 1997). This is why when I lead I articulate myself properly and never in a rude manner (Clark, 1997). I also believe that a leader should consistently guide the team members (Clark, 1997). For example, I should guide the members to become achievement-oriented as well (Clark, 1997). It may be carried out through the following: 1) I should set challenges for followers to pursue; 2) I should show confidence in the   members’ ability to meet their expectation and perform at their highest level; 3) I should guide a member who suffers from a lack of job challenge; 4) I should provide followers an idea as to what are expected of them and how to perform their tasks especially if the member of the team asked for it; 5) I should be approachable and accommodating enough to enhance the confidence of members etc; as well as 6) I should incorporate the member’s suggestions, if any, into the final decision (Clark, 1997). I keep myself aware of the importance of having the heart to be open to my followers (Clark, 1997). In addition to the aforementioned, I also believe that I should inspire trust instead of being dependent on â€Å"control† (Clark, 1997). I should know that â€Å"a group leader, for instance, should not always direct his or her member on what to do, he or she should have full confidence on the members and will just get back to them when they are ready with the results instead of supervising members from time to time and nagging them on what is morally wrong or right or even what systematic process to choose etc† (Clark, 1997).Trust, is a very important characteristic of a leader, this way the members of the team will be more inspired to work as a group since their leader has full confidence on them (Clark, 1997). References Clark, D. (1997). Leadership. Retrieved October 5, 2007 from http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadchr.html Teamwork. (n.d.) Retrieved October 5, 2007   

POVERTY IN JAMAICA Essay

Poverty is generally accepted as an undesirable condition. However, defining poverty is extremely difficult and several definitions exist. According to Dennis brown (1995), He defined poverty as a state in which an ‘‘individual or group possesses less than some standard which has been defined as acceptable†. In the world we live it is generally accepted that there are two kinds of poverty, public and private poverty, however, the focus on poverty in this paper relates to Jamaica and its struggle to vanquish poverty. Poverty has been a persistent feature of Jamaica’s environment from the post-emancipation period, and from their, it has been a subject of continuing concern and analysis for Caribbean academics and welfare practitioners. It is mainly in the past decade the notion of poverty and poverty reduction come to occupy the central position in both local and international policy. With boldness, Jamaica promulgates policy statements that poverty will be era dicated. With this continuing dance around the crisis of poverty, the distinction between cause and consequence has become increasingly blurred, with the result that poverty reduction policies have little chance of reducing the extreme risks and hardships that Jamaicans face on a regular basis. In both national and international dialogue, the assumption remains unchallenged that poverty can be reduced if only one could correctly and channel the assistance directly to the deserving poor. The deserving poor are considered the vulnerable because of their demographic of physical characteristics, which may predispose them to health risk situations. Even though every individual will gladly accept any help they can get it is considered unfair to the real less fortunate’s of society According to the Planning Institute of Jamaica, over the past decade, the percentage of the Jamaican population classified as poor fell from 30.5 percent in 1989 to 16.9 percent in 1999. With an estimated population of 2.58 million persons, this was equivalent to approximately 400,000 persons who were unable to meet their basic needs. Assuming that three-quarters of the poor were located in rural areas, as in 1998, an estimated 300,000 rural persons lived below the poverty line. The methodology o fficially used in calculating the number of those who fall below the poverty line follows international practice and is built around the cost of feeding a low income family. It is therefore highly insensitive to the changes in food cost. Most basic foods were imported; the effect of 1991 deregulation of the foreign  exchange was immediately reflected in the poverty level, which soared to 44.6 percent. Since 1992 the poverty level has followed a steady downward path, until 1998 when it was estimated at 15.9 percent. One of the reasons why poverty permeates Jamaica’s environment is due to a number of factors that needs immediate attention which is still present in the 21st century today. Rural households are large and includes more children than in KMA( Kingston metropolitan area) households, rural area contains larger proportions of elderly and small proportions of persons in the prime working ages, as well as they can only afford to spend only two-thirds of what (KMA) counterparts spend on food beverages for each household member and their members a more likely to report being ill and less likely able to seek medical care. The question pertaining to who are considered as the poor is generally taken as sufficient justification for the heavy emphasis of current poverty reduction programs on the two target groups of children and the elderly. However in an article named (â€Å"A Rose by any other name†). A woman by Rose Morgan has been sitting outside the villa medical centre in Mandeville who came from Westmoreland in her early 20s seeking job opportunities. According to rose she came to Mandeville and she was pursued by a man that accommodated her at his home, but eventually he died. Now Rose lives off the sincerity of those that pass her by the street. Poverty receives considerable less attention, particularly because of the inadequacy of employment. If rose had a job which she said was impossible to get, she would be else where rather than begging on the streets. From 1995 the government has been trying to get rid of living conditions such as these. The formulation of the program called (NPEP) N ational Poverty Eradication Progamme, coordinated by the Office of the Prime Minister was design to improve the state of the country. This Programme serves as an umbrella for existing programs today such as the Human Employment and Resource Training, (HEART), Microenterprise credit programs; poor relief; public assistance; and food stamp Programmes. Social and economic support Programmes were also developed to promote the employment rate. Employment is seen as one of the major influences on poverty. On November 28, 2012 a Gleaner article entitle, (â€Å"Youth Unemployment still triples national average†), shows that in spite of the government trying to eliminate poverty from Jamaica’s landscape it has some how still manages to inhabit the air we breathe. According to  Director Dr Gladstone Hutchinson, he states that STATIN data during a review of the quarterly economic performance, Jamaica’s labour force increases by 20,600 in the past year (2011). The youth unemployment has consistently run two or three times the national average. The percentage of unemployed youths was 28.7%. The only improvement in jobless rate was on April 2012 (14.3%). The back of poverty is hard to brake, and I insist because majority of those without jobs are unqualified and it is either difficult at their age to pursue any form of higher education or they have no source of funding to do so. These groups of people falls w ithin the poverty category called the consumption group. For operational purposes, the Government of Jamaica (GOJ) has enunciated three categories of poverty which are: Chronic Poverty, which exists when an individual is incapacitated and incapable of independently procuring the requisite means of sustenance. This category includes persons who are unable to work because of chronic physical and mental infirmity or old age and children without parents or with parents who are incapacitated. Those in this category of poverty are the primary beneficiaries of the welfare Programmes that fall under the (NPEP). Consumption Poverty, which refers to able-bodied adults who are unable to meet their basic consumption requirements. This means, they fall below the poverty line as determined by mean per capita consumption expenditure. This category may include both the employed and unemployed. Resource/capability Poverty, which refers to those who are deprived of access to private and public resources such as a basic education, basic health care, basic housing, transportation, healthy environment, water and employment. This deprivation of these basic resources in turns results in impoverishment. Categorizing poverty in this format allows the government to allocate the necessary assistance to the right persons. Hence they will not give those who need help less more than what they deserve. One of the most diverse Programmes, aiming at breaking the back of poverty is the PATH Programme. It is said often times that the children are the future, it is clear that the aim of the Programme of Advancement Through Health is to break the generational struggle starting with the future of the country. Even though Path assists the elderly and the incapable, most of the focus is placed on the school which is essential for anyone’s country. On February the 4th, 2007. The Sunday Glea ner had an article about PATH, (â€Å"Out of Poverty†) emphasizing the 1.2 million spent on  path beneficiaries which 70% were to school children. PATH is a conditional cash transfer (CCT) Programme funded by the Government of Jamaica and the World Bank and is aimed at delivering benefits by way of cash grants to the most needy and vulnerable in the society. In the article the Programme is being questioned why everyone is not benefited from Path. However it was stated that it is not because of budget limitations, but path is working on improving the attendance and performance rate in schools. In essence it justifies my point that Path is attacking poverty at the roots. It was introduced Island wide in 2002. With PATH helping to assist in the elimination of poverty, it still does not conclude that path alone can do it. On the 6th of October 2006 in the Daily observer an editorial comment was made where the writer was in favor of the (PIOJ) and (STATIN) survey on November to the month of May in 2005. It states that poverty fell by 12.7 percent. On the contrary though he states that, â€Å"While we recognize that each intervention by the necessary Programmes are important, we are convinced that they do not provide the long-term basis for the eradication of poverty. For the real solution to poverty is sustained and sustainable economic growth†. In correlation to the writers comment, the (NPEP) comprises of the Micro Invest ment Development Agency (MIDA) which was set up to support the microenterprise as mentioned earlier. It provides persons with the opportunity to gain employment through the establishment of their own businesses (2003). To date (MIDA) remains among the single largest providers of microcredit in the island. MIDA alone has been responsible for providing well over one billion Jamaican dollars to the micro-enterprise community between 1992 up until this very day. Hundreds of student graduates from HEART yearly with a skill and is now contributing to Jamaica’s economic growth. For that it seems as though the country’s quest to illuminate poverty is gradually taking place. The literature on poverty in Jamaica dearly indicates that it is a phenomenon associated with low educational attainment and often affects those who are unemployed or self-employed. Other contributing factors to poverty in Jamaica can be traced back to the increasing birthrate, delinquency in schools, child abuse and possibly drug abuse. It is each individual responsibility to profile their actions into actions that will in turn benefit them and the society they reside in. http://www.mlss.gov.jm/pub/index.php?artid=23 2006 ministry of labour and security: Planning institute of Jamaica, survey of living conditions 1998 FUNDING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AMONG THE POOR IN JAMAICA Social & Economic Studies. Jun2008, Vol. 57 Issue 2, p119-148. FFRENCH, SEAN30phttp://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?sid=7145 THE DYNAMICS OF POVERTY IN JAMAICA, 1969-1999. Social & Economic Studies. Mar2001, Vol. 50 Issue 1, p199-228. 30p. Henry-Lee, Aldriehttp://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?sid=7145 Friday October 6,2006, (â€Å"don’t just alleviate poverty†) the observer (â€Å"out of poverty†) February 4, 2007 the Sunday gleaner The gleaner june 18, 2009 (â€Å"A rose by another name†) Thompson Mepherse (â€Å"Youth unemployment still triples national average†), November the 28, 2012