Management Capacity Resume Essay Example for Free

Management Capacity Resume Essay The purpose of this letter is to express my interest in working with your company in a management capacity.   I have over 15 years experience working for a major bottling company utilizing my Sales and Operations management skills which would be an asset to your organization. My diverse background includes serving in the United States Army Reserve.   In both my military and professional career, I have demonstrated excellent leadership abilities and exceptional customer service skills.   I successfully built a solid sales team consistently mentoring and motivating staff to meet and exceed company sales quotas. In addition to the skills noted on my resume, I can also offer your company: An enthusiastic individual seeking new endeavors, accomplishing personal and professional goals. A multi-tasking individual leveraging sales and marketing skills to exceed sales quotas. Excellent analytical ability with solid verbal and written communication skills. I look forward to speaking with you further to discuss my skills and qualifications.   You can reach me at the number listed above.

Road Accident in Kerala Essay Example for Free

Road Accident in Kerala Essay At the gun, they all started out, not exactly in a dash, but with a relish to run the race to the finish and win. All, that is, except one boy who stumbled on the asphalt, tumbled over a couple of times and began to cry. The other eight heard the boy cry. They slowed down and looked back. They all turned around and went back. Every one of them. One girl with Down’s syndrome bent down and kissed him and said, â€Å"This will make it better. † All nine linked arms and walked across the finish line together. Everyone in the stadium stood, and the cheering went on for several minutes. People who were there are still telling the story. Why? Because deep down we know this one thing: What matters in this life is more than winning for ourselves. What truly matters in this life is helping others win, even if it means slowing down and changing our course. — Origins: The story is more true than not, although its primary point has been grossly exaggerated. According to folks at the Special Olympics Washington office, the incident happened at a 1976 track and field event held in Spokane, Washington. A contestant did take a tumble, and one or two of the other athletes turned back to help the fallen one, culminating in their crossing the finish line together, but it was only one r two, not everyone in the event. The others continued to run their race. The story is thus not about an entire class of â€Å"special people† who spontaneously tossed aside their own dreams of going for gold in favor of helping a fallen competitor, but rather one about a couple of individuals who chose to go to the aid of another contestant . Unfortunately, this tale as it is now being told helps further a stereotype that deficiencies in intelligence are compensated for by unfailingly sweet natures and a way of looking at the world in childlike wonder. Special Olympians train long and hard for their events and are every bit as committed as athletes who compete in any other athletic endeavors. The Special Olympics are not a casual get-together organized to give less fortunate members of the community a day to socialize and perhaps run in a foot race or two. They’re highly organized sporting events taken very seriously by all involved, with each competitor striving to do his best. It’s about trying. And succeeding. The Special Olympics oath is â€Å"Let me win. But if I cannot win, let me be brave in the attempt. †

Umbilical Cord Care Very Important Health And Social Care Essay

Umbilical Cord Care Very Important Health And Social Care Essay Health is the most important, sought-after thing in the world by all, no matter who we are, when well- cared for their earliest years, children are more likely to survive grow up the first month is crucial importance, in terms of health care. The health of women and children is the basis of a healthy family and a healthy nation. This is particularly true of children whose healthy future depends on proper care during the first year life (UNICEF, 2002).Newborns are the blessings for today and tomorrow. The newborns body is most supersensitive, delicate, immature and susceptible from which can easily harmed if not taken care of newborn. The birth of a baby is an event a moment which creates a great joy and wonder of gods gift, a gift of god in the life of parents. From the moment of birth, many parents are loved to involve in the care of the newborn. The first care given to a neonate include placing him/her in a warm environment , suctioning the oropharynx and nose , cleaning the eyes , clamping and cutting the cord ,checking the weight , tying the identification tag and mummifying the baby. First time the mother smiles when the newborn is cry and she forgets the pain. The newborn, once separated from the mother in the process of delivery, undergoes certain fundamental changes in which he/ she leaves the sterile environment of the uterus and moves into the outside environment .This separation occurs through the severing of the umbilical cord. After birth, the cord is no longer needed, and is cut, leaving a short stump Behind on-pathogenic bacteria such as coagulate -negative staphylococci, e-coli, and streptococci, clostrium tetani may also be present on the skin and can track up the umbilical stump causing infection (ZUPAN et a l à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, 2005). The UNICEF report released at the National conference on child survival and development in New Delhi, claims that out of nearly 26 million children born in India each year, 1.2 million die during the first 4 weeks .This is the 30% of the 3.9 million global neonatal deaths. According to current report (neonatal mortality) of 44/1000 live birth accounts for nearly 2/3rd of all infant deaths (death before the age of one) and nearly half of under five children deaths in India. Indias NMR significantly from 69/1000 live births in 1980-50/1000 -live births in 1990 .In recent years NMR has remained static only dropping four points from 48-44/1000 live birth in 1995 and 2000. The main causes of neonatal deaths are low birth weight and infections (Indian express, 2004). One million newborn infants die every day by multiple of organisms which often enter in to the body via the umbilicus. The other contributing causes of umbilical cord infection includes maternal factors like maternal infections e.g. amionitis, repeated vaginal examinations during labour, duration of rupture of membrane, unhygienic practice of delivery, delivery conducted by untrained dais, environment factors like cleanliness of the ward and caregiver with severe infection, upper respiratory infection and neonatal factors like small for gestational age, preterm newborns ,birth condition during labor like me conium stained liquor, umbilical cord infection had caused many neonatal death before aseptic technique were used .In developing countries umbilical cord infections constitute a major cause of Neonatal morbidity and pose significant risk for mortality, in the environment as the umbilical outbreaks of cord infection continue to occur even in developed nurseries (Zupan et al 2000). The hospitalized neonates may get infection from various sources like tube feeding, unhygienic cloth, avoidance of baby bath, using many cosmetics, etc. Environment as the umbilical cord is a means of entry for systemic infective agents that colonize the skin of the newborn. Umbilical cord is the only route of entry for microbes, because it has opening in the umbilicus, even though the cord clamp was there in the cord It is therefore essential to keep the cord clean to prevent infection and promote a normal healing until the stump dries up and falls off by giving umbilical cord care during the transition period. SIGNIFICANCE OF AND NEED FOR THE STUDY In midwifery practices, the newborn care is an important aspect and the kind of care and attention given immediately after birth and later is greatly valued. Umbilical cord care is very important since infections of the cord can be so fatal that it may even lead to the death of the neonate. Despite the importance of umbilical cord care, both traditionally and medically, there have been few randomized trials investigating the impact of different cord care regimen on rates of local or systemic infections, particularly in developing countries (Mullany et al 2003) Also, nursing studies and literature pertaining to the care of umbilical care relatively limited and the procedures adopted for umbilical cord care is varied. The present study intends to investigate the effectiveness of lukewarm water application on the umbilical cord of newborns in terms of occurrence of umbilical cord infection. Bain (1994) undertook a study to find the effect of four different cord care regimens in preterm babies. The evidence of the trail suggested that cleaning the cord with alcohol, wiping and dusting with sterzac powder resulted in less cord related infection and a shorter time for cord separation compared to any other cord care regimen. All these conclusive evidences prove that the policy of leaving umbilical cords untreated is not a safe practice. In many studies reported clean the umbilical cord with warm water compare than antiseptic solution. Antiseptic solution may cause delay in healing and form the pus (NNT 2010). Zupan and Garner (1998) carried out a study on the effectiveness of topical agents for umbilical cord care to prevent cord care infection, illness and death in newborn infants in developed countries. They have included newborns of any gestation, using any of the following interventions topical antiseptic applications. Clean with warm water, Including the newborns who were born outsides well as inside the hospital, the incidence of umbilical sepsis was2001-10 cases,2002-24case,2003- 19 cases.,2004( Jan out) -15 cases. Early onset of neonatal sepsis is clinically apparent within 72 hours of life , with an overall mortality rate of 15-50% .Late onset neonatal sepsis is usually present after 72hours of life and includes nosocomially acquired infections .The overall mortality rate of late onset sepsis is 10-20% Bobak et al (1995).The UNICEF report released at the National conference on child survival and development in New Delhi, claims that out of nearly 26 million children born in Indi a each ye1.2 million die during the first 4 weeks .This is the 30% of the 3.9 million global neonatal deaths. According to the current report (neonatal mortality) of 44/1000 live birth accounts for nearly 2/3rd of all infant deaths (death before the age of one) and nearly half of under five children deaths in India. Indias NMR significantly from 69/1000 live births in 1980-50/1000 -live births in 1990 .In recent years NMR has remained static only dropping four points from 48-44/1000 live birth in 1995 and 2000.India contributes to 20% global birth and highest number of neonatal death within a country, each year, 26 million infants are born in India of these 1.2 million die during the neonatal death period before completing the first four weeks of life. Two newborns deaths occur every minute in this vast country. The current neonatal mortality rate (NMR) is around 40/1000 live birth of less than five mortality rate. Between 1995and 2000, there was only a legible decrease 4 points in NMR from 48-44/ 1000 live birth. The tapering off the rate decline is a cause of concern requiring serious pl anning and newer strategies. The main causes of neonatal deaths are low birth weight and neonatal infections; maternal infections (Indian express, 2004). One million newborn infants die every day by bacterial infection which often enters the body via the umbilicus. The other contributing causes of umbilical cord infection includes maternal factors like maternal infections e.g. amionitis , repeated vaginal examinations during labour, duration of rupture of membrane, place of delivery, environment factors like cleanliness of the ward and caretaker with URI , technical factors like method of cord care , hand washing technique, and transfer of infant and neonatal factors like gestational age, birth condition during labor , umbilical cord infection had caused many neonatal death before aseptic technique were used. In developing countries umbilical cord infections constitute a major cause of Neonatal morbidity and pose significant risk for mortality, in the environment as the umbilical outbreaks of cord infections continue to occur even in developed nurseries (Zupan et al 2000). The traditional practices of cord care in this area include application of hot fermentation (31.5%), use of rag and latern(19.5%), use of Vaseline (9,5%), ash/charcoal(9.3%), groundnut/palm oil (8.3%), use of powder (6.5%),and red sand (3.5%), These practices are harmful because these substances are often contaminated with bacteria and spores, thus increasing the risk of infection.(Konduga local government area of born state-2005) Traditional nursing procedures are being gradually substituted by more modern Practices. As technologic advance, Nursing practices also change. As many routine procedures like predelivery perineal shave, predelivery enema are questioned, the efficacy of the antiseptic solution usage for umbilical cord care has also become a question and a study is necessitated through comparing the existing practices with the key outcomes .Therefore, the investigator strongly felt need to do study, comparing the use of antiseptic solution with lukewarm water for umbilical c ord care in order to find out the effectiveness of lukewarm water. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM An experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of umbilical cord care using lukewarm water among newborns in selected hospital at Madurai district. OBJECTIVES To assess the umbilical cord after cord care experimental group and control group. To compare the effectiveness of cord care experimental group and control group. To find the association between experimental group with selected demographic variables To find the association between control group with selected demographic variables. HYPOTHESIS There will be significant difference between experimental group and control group after cord care. There will be significant association between experimental group with selected demographic variables. There will be significant association between control group with selected demographic variables OPERATIONAL DEFINITION Effectiveness In this study it refers to the outcome of an experimental study indentified with help of significant difference between tests among newborns. Newborn In this study it refers to the period from birth to28 days of life is called period and the infant in this period is termed as neonate or newborn baby. Umbilical cord care with lukewarm water In this study it refers to warm water with a degree of 70-97à ¢- ¦f or 26-36à ¢- ¦c to clean the umbilical cord and the cord is left dry and open. ASSUMPTION Application of lukewarm water will prevent infection of the umbilical cord. Application of lukewarm water it promotes early healing of umbilical cord. DELIMITATIONS `The study is limited to the newborn of the mothers who had LSCS. The study is confined to selected hospitals. PROJECTED OUTCOME The result of the study would help the investigator to identify the effectiveness of cord care using lukewarm water among newborns. The study will help to promote a early healing of the umbilical cord and to reduce the infections. The findings on demographic variables would help to identify the factors which affect the newborns with infection CHAPTER-II REVIEW OF LITERATURE Review of literature is an important, essential aspect of scientific treatment .It involves the systematic identification, location scrutiny and summarization of the written material that contains information on a research problem. It broadens the understanding and provides the insight necessary for the development of a broad conceptual context into which the problem fits (polit hungler, 1995). A review of related research and non- research literature was undertaken and an attempt was made to organize the materials. This includes Umbilical cord care Review on studies related to umbilical cord care using lukewarm water Review on studies related to cord care. UMBILICAL CORD CARE Umbilical cord Inspect the Umbilical cord area for the correct amount of blood vessels, two arteries and one vein. The umbilical vein is larger than the umbilical arteries. A yellow brown or green tinge to the cord indicates the me conium was released. The umbilical cord should be checked for bleeding or oozing during the early hours after birth. The clamp must be securely fastened with no skin caught and tissue injury. Pathophysiological background The umbilical cord is a tissue, which of consisting of two arteries and one vein covered by a mucoid connective tissue called Whartons jelly and a thin mucous membrane. During pregnancy, the placenta supplies all nutrients for fetal growth and development and removes waste products. Blood flowing through the cord brings nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and carries away carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes. After birth, until the placenta separates and while the cord is still pulsating, a small volume of blood may be transfused from the placenta to the newborn. The amount transfused depends on when the cord is cut and the level at which the baby is held in relation to the mother at the time of cord clamping Umbilical cord healing process The cord darkens and shrivels as it dries and falls off within 7-14 days. The cord should be dry and not have any drainage. After the cord falls, a small pink, granulating area about a quarter of an inch in diameter may remain. This should also be left clean and dry until it has healed (about 24- 48 more hours). umbcord Umbilical cord infection In umbilical cord if the ulcerous area has remained as long as one week it indicates of sign of infection. Source of infection Unhygienic environment of delivery Contaminated cord cutting instrument Infected hands of care giver or infected clothing Causative organisms Staphylococcus E-coli Clostridium tetani Signs and symptoms Swollen and moist per umbilical tissue with redness Foul smelling Serous or purulent discharge Delayed falling of umbilical cord Fever Management Umbilical cord should leave uncovered rather than application of dressing. Systemic antibiotic is given in complicated cases. Complication Jaundice Hepatitis Peritonitis Umbilical granuloma Prevention Aseptic technique and clean practices at birth. Administration of tetanus toxoid to antenatal mothers. Prognosis Prognosis depends upon the nature of infection, intiation of management and nursing care. Prevention of umbilical cord infection is more easy and important in neonates. Cord care DOs and DONTS Dos Cut the cord with a clean instrument. Tie the cord tightly with clean or sterile thread or clamp. Tie napkin or diaper below the umbilical cord. Donts Bandages are unnecessary and may delay in cord healing and introduce infection to the newborn. Alcohol cleaning may delay in healing and cause pus. Apply traditional remedies to the cord may cause infection World Health Organization,  (1999) Current standards of cord care is based on the principles of aseptic techniques. The aim of WHO to prevent the cord infections. However, the introduction of infection in neonatal care unit and well baby clinic for newborns in hospitals in the 1940s increased the risk of staphylococcal skin and cord infections by facilitating the spread of bacteria among infants in hospital. Clean the cord at birth and in the days following birth is effective in preventing cord infections and tetanus neonatrum. Clean cord care practices at birth include washing hands with clean water and soap before delivery and again before cutting and tying the cord, laying the newborn on a clean surface and cutting the cord with a sterile instrument and sterile clamp. Clean cord care in the postnatal period includes washing hands with clean water and soap before and after care and keeping the cord stump dry and exposed to air or loosely covered with clean clothes. If soiled, the cord should be washed with clean warm water (cleaning with alcohol seems to delay healing). The napkin should be folded below the umbilicus. REVIEW RELATED TO CORD CARE USING LUKEWARM WATER Kimberly Dow,(2010 ) reported news about the umbilical cord, After the umbilical cord is cut at birth, a stump of tissue remains attached to the umbilical cord. The cord will dry and shrinks. It is important to keep the umbilical cord stump and surrounding skin clean and dry. This cord care helps to prevent infection. It may also help the umbilical cord stump to fall off and the cord to heal 90% more quickly; gently clean the umbilical cord once a day. Soak a cotton swab in warm water. Squeeze out the excess water. Gently wipe around the sides of the cord and around it. Wipe away any wet, sticky, or dirty substances. Gently pat dry the area with a soft cloth. The stump usually falls off in a week or two but sometimes it takes longer. Continue to clean around the umbilical cord at least once a day until the cord has completely healed. Keeping the area Wyeth (2010) reported news about the umbilical cord. Keep the stump of the umbilical cord clean and dry until it falls off, which usually happens within a few weeks Clean the cord at each napkin change to help to dry out and to prevent entry of infection Wipe gently around the cord with a damp cotton swab .Keep the napkin folded below the navel area to keep the cord from being soaked with urine. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines(2010) was reported about umbilical cord Sometime between five and 15 days after birth, the cord will dry up, turn black and drop off, leaving a small wound that may take a few days to heal. It must be kept clean and dry to prevent infection. Harmful bacteria that live naturally on the skin can enter in to the cord causing infection. Avoid the traditional practice of taping a coin to retract the belly button as it may encourage infection and delay the healing process. Avoid the cord stump getting urine by folding the napkin down away from it, leaving the cord exposed to the air. If the cord gets urine, wash it off using clean warm water or just water alone. When the stump falls off, it may shows of signs of little blood on the umbilical cord which is normal. In the past, cord stumps have been cleaned with antiseptic tissues or sprinkled with an antiseptic powder. Studies of the healing process have found no advantage to using antiseptics ove r simply keeping the cord clean, unless the baby is premature or in intensive care. Antiseptics also cause the cord to take longer to fall off, which causes anxiety to parents and increases the number of postnatal consultations with doctors. Satish Chandra. V.Naik etal (2009) in pune, study was to conduct impact of training of traditional birth attendants on the newborn care. The setting of the study was PHC, 45 TBAs attended 2 days training programme. Different AV- aids were used to interact the sessions by LCD, flipcharts, videoclipings. Pretest evaluation showed that there was a difference in the depth of knowledge regarding newborn care between previously trained tai and untrained tai .this difference was statistically difference p( Luke C Mullany.g.etal (2009) reported a study was to conduct cluster-randomized, community-based trial to assess the impact of three cord care regimens either A large community-based trial in rural southern Nepal conducted between 2002 and 2006 randomized babies within clusters to receive one of three cord care regimens: (1) 4.0% chlorhexidine cleansing for 7 of the first 10 days after birth or (2) soap and warm water cleansing for 7 of the first 10 days after birth, or (3) dry cord care. Overall, mortality among enrolled infants was 24% lower in the chlorhexidine group compared to dry cord care. Clinical evidence of a protective of warm water cleansing among this newborns subset was increased. Warm water cleansing reduced severe infection by 87% and mortality by 34% among those enrolled within 24 hours. Alam .M. Ali .etal (2008) in Bangladesh, the study conducted by cluster- randomized. Unstructured interview (n-60), structured interview (n=20), rating and ranking exercises (n=40),83% of umbilical cord care revolved around the bathing. Over all 40% of newborns are clean with warm water during newborn age of period only 9% of reported of infections and other application of cord care (83%) of reported of infections. Jane heiza in health and safety (2008) reported news about the umbilical cord is cut at birth, a stump of tissue remains attached umbilical cord. The stump gradually dries and shrivels until it falls off, usually between 1 and 2 weeks after birth. Gently clean umbilical the cord stump and the surrounding skin at least once a day and as needed during diaper changes or baths. Soak a cotton swab in warm water. Squeeze out the excess water. Gently wipe around the sides of the stump and the skin around it. Wipe away any wet, sticky, or dirty substances. Gently pat dry the area with a soft cloth. The stump usually falls off in a week or two but sometimes it takes longer. Continue to clean around the cord at least once a day until the cord has completely healed Medves JM, OBrien BA.etal (2008) reported study was to identify differences in time to cord separation and bacterial colonization when using alcohol or warm water to clean the cord area in healthy newborn infants. Randomized controlled trial designed was selected. 148 newborn infants who were enrolled within 3 hours of birth. Gestational age was >36.7 weeks and all infants had an Apgar score of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥7 at 5 minutes. Follow up was 92%. Parents were shown a video on cord care that was developed for the study. Parents applied warm water. Cleaning with 95% alcohol did not reduce umbilical cord separation time. 95% of warm water groups had reduces the infection and early healing of cord. Khatry .C.Mullany .etal (2005) in Nepal, conducted a study on the impact of umbilical cord care. The selected sample is 15123 infants were assigned randomly selected within communities, the following 3- cord regimens: cleansing with 4.0%, cleansing with warm water. The mean separation time was shorter in warm water (4.25days) and in chlorhexidine (5.23days). Janssen PA, Dobson. R.etal (2003) reported study was to compare cord bacterial colonization and morbidity among newborns whose cords were treated with triple dye and alcohol versus warm water. The investigator was randomly allocated 766 newborns to either 2 applications of triple dye to the umbilical cord stump on the day of birth with alcohol swabbing twice daily until the cord fell off (n = 384) or warm water cord care (n = 382). hemolytic streptococcus and coagulase-negative staphylococcus. Infants in the dry care group were significantly more likely to be colonized with Escherichia coli (34.2% vs. 22.1%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (69.5% vs. 50.5%), Staphylococcus aurous (31.3% vs. 2.8%), and group B streptococci (11.7% vs. 6.0%). Community health nurses were significantly more likely to observe exudates (7.4% vs. 0.3%) and foul odor (2.9% vs. 0.7%) among infants allocated to the dry care group during the home visit. Patricia A. Barbara L .etal (2003) reported study was to compare cord bacterial colonization and morbidity among newborns whose cords were treated with triple dye and alcohol versus warm water cord care. The sample was randomly selected 766 newborns to either 2 applications of triple dye to the umbilical cord stump on the day of birth with alcohol swabbing twice daily until the cord fell off (n = 384) or dry care (n = 382). The umbilical stump was colonized with {alpha}-hemolytic streptococcus and coagulase-negative staphylococcus. Infants in the warm water group were significantly more likely to be colonized with Escherichia coli (34.2% vs. 22.1%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (69.5% vs. 50.5%), Staphylococcus aurous (31.3% vs. 2.8%), and group B streptococci (11.7% vs. 6.0%). Community health nurses were significantly more likely to observe exudates (7.4% vs. 0.3%) and foul odor (2.9% vs. 0.7%). M. Bello .j.p Ambe etal (2005) in Kondugal, the study was conducted, the survey which was cross-sectional was conducted over eighth period. Systemic random sampling method was used to select the newborns. 400 samples was selected, majority of the mothers 74.3% delivered at home have same results for other groups. Warm water 2.0% results of infection. This will go reduce in mortality and morbidity in the newborns. Andrea guala (2003) study was reported about the time of cord separation, a controlled clinical trial was carried out of healthy full- term neonates. The study was to evaluate the cord separation. According to the hospital protocol, umbilical cord cleaned with cotton soaked warm water. This was statistically difference (p Luke C Mullany.g.etal (2002 ) study was conducted to assess cord care the Within a community-based, cluster-randomized study of the effects of 4.0% chlorhexidine on omphalitis and mortality risk, we aimed to describe the distribution of times to separation and the impact of topical chlorhexidine treatment on cord-separation times infants were assigned randomly within communities in southern Nepal to receive 1 of the following 3 cord-care regimens: cleansing with 4.0% chlorhexidine, cleansing warm water, or dry cord care. In intervention clusters, field workers cleansed the cord in the home on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10 after birth. The mean separation time was shorter in dry cord care (4.24 days) and warm water (4.25 days) clusters than in chlorhexidine clusters (5.32 days; mean difference: 1.08 days). Cords of infants who received chlorhexidine were 3.6 times more likely to separate after 7 days. Facility-based birth and birth attendant hand-washing were associated with cord sepa ration after 7 days of age. REVIEW RELATED TO CORD CARE. Mullany .Katz. etal (2007) reported study was to assess to umbilical cord care trial in Nepal during (2002-2005). Newborns were evaluated in the home for signs of cord infection (pus, redness, and swelling) omphalitis was identified in 954 of 17.198 newborns (5.5%) infection risk was 29%- 62% higher in infants receiving topical application , skin-skin contact (relative risk (RR) = 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) =o.43,0.95) and hand washing (RR=0.73, 95% CI 0.64, 0.84). In this community, unhygienic newborn care practices lead to continued high risk for omphalitis. Ahmadpour -kacho.z.etal (2006) reported study was to compare the effect topical application of human milk, ethyl alcohol 96% and silver sulfadiazine on umbilical cord separation time in infants. This study was undertaken place at a primary- level newborn nursery at a university teaching hospital and a private hospital. Samples are randomly selected. Mothers milk, ethyl alcohol, silver sulfadiazine ointment for group 3 were applied to the days after umbilical cord separation. It was observed a significant difference in the mean cord separation time along the four groups. No significant complications were observed in any group. Breast milk could be substituted for topical agents for umbilical cord care. Gilson .k .etal (2006) reported large urban university hospital in Turkey and participant homes after discharge Umbilical cord care consisted of one of three methods: topical application of povidine-iodine twice daily, topical application of mothers milk twice daily, or dry care (keeping the cord dry and clean).Outcome was measured in terms of the presence or absence of omphalitis and the number of days elapsed before cord separation. An ongoing questionnaire was administered by telephone every other day after the participants left the hospital. There were no significant differences between the three groups in terms of omphalitis occurrence. The cultural practice of applying human milk to the umbilical cord stump appears to have no adverse effects and is associated with shorter cord separation times than are seen with the use of antiseptics.   Kelley  Evens  .j.etal (2006)reported study was to compare alcohol versus natural drying for umbilical cord care in preterm infants and to examine its effects on bacterial colonization and cord detachment randomized to receive either umbilical cleansing with 70% isopropyl alcohol at each diaper change or natural drying. Umbilical stump cultures were performed at 12 to 24 hours, 72 hours, 7 days, and 14 days of age. A total of 109 infants were enrolled; 102 completed the study. There was significantly shorter in the natural drying group compared to the alcohol group (13.0 versus 16.0 days;  p=0.003). There were no cases of local umbilical infection in either group. It appears that natural drying is a safe and effective means of umbilical cord care in preterm infants. Chamnanvanaki.S.etal (2005) conducted a randomized controlled trial was to compare time of cord separation, among 3 regimens of cord care at home1) triple dye, 2) alcohol, 3) no antiseptic solution.185 infants were recruited. Time to cord separation in infants of group1 was significantly longer than in group 2(p=0.036) and group 3 (p=0.003).The satisfaction score of group1 were significantly lower than group 2 and group 3.Triple dye delayed time to cord separation and was less satisfactory. The authors conclude that using alcohol or dry clean could be alternative ways of cord care at home Sezer.G (2005) conducted a quasi-experimental study to comparing topical human milk, Povidine iodine, and dry care.150 sample was selected, convenience sampling used, results there was no significant difference between the three groups in terms of omphalitis occurrence in the Povidine-iodine group, cord separation occurred of 9.9days. in the dry care and topical human milk groups, cord separation occurred at a mean of 7.7 days, respectively.Therewas a statistical relationship between the groups in terms of cord separation time (f=13.24, p Shoaeib Barrawy .J.etal (2005) conducted a quasi-experimental study that aimed to compare the

Exploring Amanda of The Glass Menagerie Essay -- Glass Menagerie essay

Exploring Amanda of The Glass Menagerie      Ã‚  Ã‚   Tennessee Williams has a gift for character. Not many playwrights do, and even fewer possess the unique ability to craft a character as paradoxical and complex as Amanda Wingfield. In The Glass Menagerie, Amanda is a very difficult character to understand because of her psychological disposition. Williams realizes this and provides the reader with a character description in hopes of making the character more accessible to meticulous analysis.    AMANDA WINGFIELD the mother. A little woman of great but confused vitality clinging frantically to another time and place. Her characterization must be carefully created, not copied from type. She is not paranoiac, but her life is paranoia. There is much to admire in Amanda, and as much to love and pity as there is to laugh at. Certainly she has endurance and a kind of heroism, and though her foolishness makes her unwittingly cruel at times, there is tenderness in her slight person. (Williams 781)    â€Å"Before the first lines are spoken Amanda's complexity is established†(Falk 126) by the nuances a... ...4. Falk, Signi. "The Southern Gentlewoman." Modern Critical Interpretations Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie. ed. Harold Bloom. NY: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. Jackson, Esther Merle. The Broken World of Tennessee Williams. Madison: & of Wisconsin P, 1965. Parker, R.B., ed. Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Glass Menagerie. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1983. Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. Masterpieces of the Drama. Ed. Alexander W. Allison, Arthus J. Carr, Arthur M. Eastman. 5th ed. NY: Macmillan, 1986. 779- 814.

Societal Views of Women in the Victorian Era in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s

Societal Views of Women in the Victorian Era in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House A Doll’s House, by Henrik Ibsen, creates a peephole into the lives of a family in the Victorian Era. The play portrays a female viewpoint in a male-dominated society. The values of the society are described using the actions of a woman, Nora, who rebels against the injustices inflicted upon her gender. Women’s equality with men was not recognized by society in the late 1800’s. Rather, a woman was considered a doll, a child, and a servant. Nora’s alienation reveals society’s assumptions and values about gender. A woman was considered by society to be a doll because she was expected to be subordinate to her husband’s whims. Referring to a ball that she would attend, Nora asks her husband, Torvald, if he would â€Å"take me in hand and decide what I shall go as and what sort of dress I should wear† (26). Nora relies completely on how her husband would dress her, just like a doll. Just as Nora is treated as a doll, she interacts with her children as such. She doesn’t raise them, she merely â€Å"play[s] and romp[s] with the children† (13). She tells Torvald, â€Å"our home has been nothing but a playroom. I have been your doll wife, just as at home I was Papa’s doll child; and here the children have been my dolls† (67). In this conversation, she shows her alienation as a woman in society by expressing discontent with her role in life. In addition to being treated like a doll, Nora is also regarded as a small child. Victorian society looks upon women’s intelligence as no better than a child’s. Torvald tells her, â€Å"You talk like a child. You don’t understand the conditions of the world in which you live† (69). Yet, he does nothing to rectify the situation. While ... ... a heedless child† (70). Because of Torvald’s inability to grasp the concept of equality, Nora leaves him. Society’s values are revealed by Nora’s declaration of equality and independence. Through Nora’s rebellious declaration and departure, she removes herself from society’s standards and makes a move towards equality. She renounces society’s views of a woman as a child, doll, and slave. Men in Victorian society told a woman how to act as a parent to a child, how to dress for a public event as an owner to a doll, and how to keep her thoughts to herself as a master to a slave. Henrik Ibsen portrayed qualities of the Victorian era through the alienated female gender, represented by Nora. Works Cited Henrik Ibsen, A Doll's House. Dover Thrift Edition, 1992 Northam, John. Ibsen. A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. 1965.

Freud Meets World Essay -- essays research papers

Sigmund Freud, physiologist, medical doctor, psychologist, and father of psychoanalysis, is recognized as one of the most influential thinkers of the twentieth century. Freud articulated the concepts of the unconscious, of infantile sexuality, and of repression. He proposed a tripartite account of the structure of the mind, as part of a radically new therapeutic reference for the understanding of human psychological development, and the treatment of abnormal mental conditions. Freud is also known as the â€Å"Father of Psychoanalysis.† Psychoanalysis refers to the method of investigating unconscious mental processes, and is also a form of psychotherapy. Not regarding the multiple manifestations of psychoanalysis as it exists today, it can, in almost all respects, be traced directly back to Freud’s original work (Brome 12). Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856, at Freiberg in Moravia, which is now a part of Czechoslovakia. He was born into a family full of enough complexity and confusion to give him significant material for his ruminations on the individual mind and its connections with others. His mother, Amalia, an assertive, good-looking woman, was twenty years younger than her husband Jacob. Freud’s father was Jewish, and was said to be a wool merchant. His siblings were two half-brothers, who were already grown-up, which provided a constant reminder of the oddity of his position. His own confusions, hatreds, loves, and desires from this period appear to have had significant impact on his later work on development. The decline of the textile market, and an increase of anti-Semitism in the city, forced his family to relocate to Vienna, the capitol of Austria when he was four. While in Vienna, Freud developed a liking for the medical field, especially the nervous system, and the works of the mind. He graduated from the medical school of the University of Vienna in 1881. Freud later decided to specialize in neurology, the study Kevin Mechtley 2 and treatment of disorders of the nervous system (Brill V). He left the University, secretly engaged, and found a job at the Vienna Hospital in hopes of earning enough money to get married. While at the hospital, he concentrated on the study of cerebral anatomy and also conducted research on the possible clinical uses of cocaine. In September 1886 he married Martha Bernays after a... ...He is at once the principal writer and the principal thinker of our century. If one seeks the strongest authors in the West in our time, most readers would agree upon the crucial figures; Proust, Joyce, Kafka, Yeats, Mann, Lawrence, Eliot, Rilke, Faulkner, Valery, Stevens, Montale, Beckett certainly would be among them. The essential thinkers might constitute a shorter and more controversial canon, whether of scientists or philosophers, and I will not venture to list them here. Freud is unique in that he would dominate the second group and successfully challenge even Proust, Joyce, and Kafka in the first. Nor can one match him with any of the religious figures or scholars of the century. His only rivals indeed are Plato, Montaigne, Shakespeare, or even the anonymous primal narrator of Genesis, Exodus and Numbers, called the â€Å"J† writer of Yahwist in biblical scholarship. Sigmund Freud is generally recognized as one of the most influential and authoritative thinkers of the twentieth century. Even today, a century after Freud lived, all of his theories are debated and discussed, and some are still practiced in the psychotherapy field.

Principles of marketing Essay

1. Introduction   1.a What is marketing? Elements of marketing: Marketing is a business philosophy that seeks to address customers wants and needs by either determining what a customer wants or anticipating customer demands and then producing goods and services that meet these requirements. The marketing concept therefore differs significantly from the selling and the production concept, where it was what the firm produced that was sold. The production concept believed that all production sells and what is needed is a selling effort. In marked contrast, the marketing concept works first at determining what the customer needs and then producing the same so that the customer is satisfied. The elements of marketing include the customer, the product, the value of the product and the want it addresses. 1.b Advantages of marketing and criticism: The marketing approach ensures that the seller does not make mistakes in determining what the market demands. There is thus that much efficiency in the marketplace as production capacities are built depending on market feedback and what customers want. Also, as the marketing department knows what the customer wants, it is able to provide an efficient answer and design, at a cost that the customer is willing to pay. The marketing approach has also been criticized for its attempt at forecasting and determining personal choices. It is also criticized for influencing customers towards goods and services that they may actually not need, but are driven to these products through clever strategies that convert simple desires into burning needs. Marketing also has been criticized for using external influences through advertising and promotions to make people demand goods that they would otherwise not have found useful. Leveraging customer psychology to get people influenced by imaginary reference groups that they aspire to belong to, also is another tool used by marketing that is often criticized for its ability to attract customers. Modern marketing, with all available technology and databases that track customer behaviour, is a weapon that can be used by firms wanting to grab large market shares. It therefore tends to be unethical at times and needs string regulatory mechanisms. 1.c The marketing function The marketing function is a function that includes all activities that contribute to the marketing strategy and the marketing process. This function therefore covers all aspects of identifying customers, determining their needs, estimating wants, calculating total demand, building supply chains and constructing marketing promotion strategies through all available marketing channels. This also includes marketing controls and control systems that ensure that all activities undertaken by marketing departments are consistent with and in line with the objectives of the firm. The marketing planning and control mechanism tracks the various activities undertaken by the firm, and determines if the process is going as per plan. 1.d Marketing management: Monitoring and evaluating its marketing processes regularly, a firm is able to take corrective action. The monitoring of marketing activities is a specialized task that ensures the entire chain of activities is checked regularly, constant feedback taken and corrective measures instituted that bring the plan back to the path desired so the firm’s overall objectives are met and are not deviated from. The marketing function starts with a marketing plan that is a written statement of objectives and processes that the firm would undertake to meet its goals. This plan is constantly recalled to ensure the control system and the action plan sticks to the strategy that has been drafted. The plan takes into account the economic environment the firm exists in, the regulatory framework, and the demographic characteristics of the population, competitive forces and product characteristics. The marketing mix   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Product: The marketing mix is central to any marketing plan that a marketing strategy evolves. The marketing mix primarily looks at the four components that have defined marketing strategy. These four major components of a marketing plan are the Product, Place, Price and Promotion. The first – product, focuses on making the firm’s product something that is of value for the customer, is constantly redefined to meet changing tastes and is what is actually something that meets market demand. The product that is marketed is defined by its quality, its functionality, the appearance, the service that comes with the product and the support provided to the customer. It is important for the firm to produce a product that is of high quality. In a competitive market, it is no longer possible to sell a product that is not of high quality as there are several substitutes available and competitors are always ready to improve quality. Hence the product is defined by it functionality and the brand that is built around the product. The brand defines product quality and provides customers with information about the product even before the product is bought and used. Additionally, the product is defined by what the firm provides by way of after sales support and service. Modern brands provide products with warranties that cover the risk of failure after the product is sold to the customer. Brands are built around the various facets of the product sold. A brand carries an inbuilt guarantee of the usefulness of the product. Brand building is essential to marketing management and defines the product part of the marketing mix. Products are also made so as to acquire certain niches in the market and this can be either done through specific functionalities or through product differentiation. Place: The second component is place and this focuses on the fact that the product would be made available to the customer at the right time and at the right place. It also includes the aspect that the product should also be available in the right quantities. Non-availability will move customers away to another substitute while too large a stick will increase inventory costs. So the correct balance needs to be struck. The place component of the marketing mix depends on the logistics that go into supplying the product to the customer at the right place and at the right time. The logistics department must identify appropriate locations, the appropriate channels of distribution, the channel partners that take the product to the customer and ensure maximum coverage. The place also defines the point of contact with the customer, the point of purchase advertising and the support locations. Modern technology has added a new dimension to place by way of providing Internet and mobile access to marketers. Using mobile phones and online marketing, customers are able to access distant locations at the click of a mouse and check out the product in a virtual environment. Delivery is quick because of the developments in transportation and travel. Support and service can now be provided through distant, centralized locations that are accessible through support centers and call centers. Successful marketing in today’s environment is a function of how well the marketer leverages modern technology by way of online brochures, online advertising and payment gateways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Price: The price of course is a critical component of the marketing mix. In a competitive market where goods are homogenous and perfectly substitutable, it is price that would ensure some buyers for a new product. On the other hand, in similar situations, a product that is priced high could occupy the position of a superior good and guarantees a premium only because it attracts prestige and value to the product. In goods and services that are price elastic, price can e used as a strategic tool to increase margins, whereas in price inelastic markets, prices need to be kept stable. A large number of marketing strategies focus on the price range a product offers and the income levels and consumption characteristics of the customer in the neighborhood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pricing is also a strategy that incorporates list prices and how they are estimated. The list price takes into account the competition and the channel margins. Where the marketer is using a push strategy, pricing must include incentives to retailers and wholesalers that enable them to push the product among the customers. Pricing also includes the strategy that involves using discounting and discounting sales to increase volumes periodically. Today pricing strategies also have to keep in mind leasing options and installment based payments. They must therefore allow for various financing options.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Promotion: The other important component of the marketing mix is the promotion package that is used by the marketer. Especially in a new market, where a product is being launched and introduced, it is critical for the market to accept the new product. Here is where the promotional aspect acquires a new dimension compared to the promotional strategy of a product that is entering a competitive market. Promotional strategies need to be carefully defined depending on the nature of the product and the market characteristics. The most important promotional tool used worldwide is advertising and this in the modern world is a strategic decision that must take into account the advertising mix that calculates what amounts of money and effort be spent on television, print media, internet advertising, bill boards, radio stations and mail brochures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also, in the days of consumer movements and regulatory mechanisms, it is important for promotion to concentrate on public relations. Most brands today spend a lot of effort in maintaining public relations through regular contact with the consumers and the media. Also promotion in specific goods and services is carried out through a direct sales network that requires a great amount of coordination and networking. It is also important to remember that, given its scope and coverage, promotion is an activity that requires scientific budgeting and monitoring. Promotion as an activity needs to cover the target audience, the end customer, the opinion makers and the potential buyers and channel members that could be part of the future supply chain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The 4 P marketing mix model has been the one most used by various marketers all over the world and ensures that each of the marketing function gets covered and focused on. There have been those who have argued for a 5 P and even a 7 P marketing mix, especially to cover service products. The one extra P that is most often talked about is People, the human resource component that actually makes the efforts in tackling the 4 Ps. In any marketing firm, where customers need to be convinced and must trust the product, it is the people handling the product, the promotion and the supply chain that need to be extremely well trained, motivated and understanding of customer demands. Therefore it is often argued that the marketing mix must give an equal emphasis on its people and their training and incentives. However the 4 Ps discussed above are the most critical and need to be focused on to be able to successfully compete at the market place. Buyer behaviour   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3.a Purchase decision: Purchase decision is a complex mechanism that involves a .large number of steps. The buyer behaves differently for high involvement and low involvement products. Products that are expensive and are in the nature of assets are high involvement products where the consumer takes time and makes efforts to look at various possible substitutes and competitors before making the purchase decision. The purchase decision is therefore sees to go through the various steps. There is a need recognition phase where the marketing begins. Here the buyer defines what his needs are the starts exploring possibilities that would solve the need. High involvement products there fore need great amounts of research before the buyer is able to decide. On daily consumables like soaps and toothpaste the buyer may not be as highly involved and easily makes decisions. Therefore after the need recognition process, the buyer then goes of ran information search through which a set of alternatives emerge. These are then weighed against various constraints and then the actual purchase decision is made. What follows is the post purchase behaviour and in this the buyer may actually regret making the decision or may go away satisfied. Marketers need to understand what is referred to as post purchase dissonance to be able to ensure good word of mouth promotion from existing customers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3b. Reference groups, culture: Of course buyer behaviour depends a great deal on the cultural background where the market exists. In savings oriented societies buyer behaviour is quite different form societies marked by conspicuous consumption. Also buyers in certain societies are bound to make far more careful decisions than in certain other cultural frameworks. Also groups tend to alter behaviour is different settings. The reference group is a major decision maker for most customers who would like to reach a group that they aspire to belong to through similar buyer behaviour. This is why a large number of celebrities are used to sell products and promote them. To influence buyers who consider these celebrities as these reference groups and inspirational groups. 4. New product development   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Market plans and market strategies therefore are complex mechanism that must look at various aspects of buyer behaviour, product characteristics and promotional strategies. Very often in such mechanisms, it becomes critical for firms to make decisions regarding innovation and new product development,. It could sometimes to easy for a firm to simply provide a market with existing demand and give the same product that exists at a better price and better place. However this might not work as the first mover ahs an advantage. Also the demand levels keep changing as culture changes and incomes change.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore new products must be offered and innovations required both in developing new products, in new segmentation strategies, in product differentiation, in defining new niche markets and in being able to design both push and pull promotional strategies. Innovation is the name of the game as markets become more competitive and the customer more demanding. Market strategy demands that innovative strategies and products be designed keeping the basics in mind – that of the need to study and satisfy customer demand. Marketing is a science that attempts at assessing demand and developing products and promotions that meet this demand at appropriate prices and places. Innovation in marketing must keep this design in mind and develop new processes and products that work at the market place. References Moorman C. and Rust T. R., (1999) The Role of Marketing, Journal of Marketing, Fundamental Issues and Directions for Marketing Webster F. E., (1992) The Changing Role of Marketing in the Corporation, Journal of Marketing Borden, N. H., (1964) The concept of the marketing mix, Journal of Advertising Research Howard, J and Sheth N. R. (1969), The theory off buyer behavior, John Wiley and Sons. Peter P. J. and Olson J. C., (2004) Consumer behavior and marketing strategy. Irwin/McGraw-Hill Grà ¶nroos C, (1991)The Marketing Strategy Continuum: Towards a Marketing Concept for the 1990s,   Journal: Management Decision Hooley G, Saunders J and Nigel Piercy N., (2004), Marketing Strategy and Competitive Positioning FT Prentice Hall Wind Y, Robertson TS., (1983) Marketing Strategy: New Directions for Theory and Research,   Journal of Marketing Fill C, (1995) Marketing communications: frameworks, theories and applications, Prentice Hall Mela CF, Gupta S, Lehmann DR, (1997) The Long-Term Impact of Promotion and Advertising on Consumer Brand Choice, Journal of Marketing Research